采油厂化验室危险因素及对策

针对采油厂化验室的特点,对其存在的危险有害因素,从火灾爆炸、中毒、腐蚀、触电、机械伤害、人员、储存场所等方面进行了较为系统的分析,并提出了相应的对策措施。     

Comparison of energy produced from waste by removing its different components: A case study of the waste landfill in Tehran

In developing and populated cities such as Tehran, a massive amount of municipal solid waste (MSW), both wet and dry, is transferred to landfills daily. Combustion is one of the most common methods of using mixed waste energy from the past to the present. The Dulong formula is widely used to calculate the energy released from MSW combustion. According to the constituent components of Tehran MSW, removing food waste leads to an increase in energy potential, which will be a suitable condition for energy production. In this work, the energy derived from the combustion of mixed and separated dry MSW generated in Tehran was calculated using the experimental Dulong formula and tables in Integrated Solid Waste Management (Tchobanoglous et al. 1993, McGraw‐Hill). The Dulong formula indicates that the use of Tehran mixed MSW (without separating materials for recycling) as a fuel source yields 8,966.40 KJ/kg while the use of Tchobanoglous et al. (1993) tables can generate 8,236 kJ/kg. By removing food waste and recyclable materials, the potential of energy production changes to 22,047 kJ/kg using the Dulong formula and 16,207 kJ/kg and the Tchobanoglous et al. (1993) tables. It indicates increase by 1.46 times and 46%, respectively. Regarding the 200‐ton capacity of the Tehran waste incinerator, the Dulong formula indicated generation of 4,409 MJ/day energy, and the Tchobanoglous et al. table presents 3,241 MJ/day. Therefore, considering that Tehran generates more than 4,000 tons of reject waste daily, it can easily be converted to energy rather than landfilled. This can alleviate the problem of buying land and construction of landfills and leachate generation.     

烟气深度余热回收技术对燃气锅炉NOx排放扩散迁移规律的影响研究

运用Fluent计算软件对北京市丰台区某燃气锅炉排放烟气中NOx的转化和扩散过程进行了数值模拟,定量地研究了烟气深度余热回收技术对燃气锅炉排放NOx在大气中的迁移规律产生的影响,并与Screen 3模型模拟的结果进行了对比.研究发现:烟气深度余热回收技术的应用使NOx的最大落地浓度与烟气直排时相比增加了2.5倍,NOx对本地地表的影响面积增大了15750 m2,增加了本地环境污染的风险.结合燃气锅炉的NOx控制技术提出了缓解局部环境风险的解决方案.结果表明,烟气深度余热回收技术与低氮燃烧技术联用,NOx的控制效率达到70%以上时,在有效提升锅炉热效率的同时,可以缓解由于烟温大幅下降造成的本地环境污染恶化的风险.     

一株稠油降解菌的筛选及其产物乳化性能研究

稠油亦称重质原油,稠油中胶质和沥青质等大分子组分含量较高.通过以稠油为唯一碳源的摇瓶发酵和稠油平板实验,从辽河油田油水样中筛选获得一株稠油降解菌AD.对菌株AD发酵所产表面活性剂的CMC值、乳化活性、稠油降黏作用等进行了测定.结果表明,菌株AD产表面活性剂对原油具有较强的乳化、降黏作用,可耐高温和高浓度盐,适用于油藏微碱性环境,稠油降黏率最高可达81.7％,与曙光油田的地层水有较好的配伍性.     

亚硫酸钠回收碘的空气氧化

在用亚硫酸钠和碳酸钠混合液吸收含碘废气的过程中遇到了亚硫酸钠被空气氧化的问题.本文研究了在静止吸氧和鼓泡充氧二种条件下亚硫酸钠被空气氧化的各种影响因素.实验表明,在吸氧条件下,pH值对Na_2SO_3的空气氧化速率有很大的影响,该氧化过程是一个比较复杂的过程.在鼓泡充氧的条件下,Na_2SO_3被氧化速率显著加快.在不同的pH值、温度以及催化剂存在情况下,Na_2SO_3的浓度均随时间呈直线下降.本文也给出了用亚硫酸钠和碳酸钠混合溶液吸收含碘废气的实际工艺过程,回收碘的质量符合中国药典的标准.为减少空气氧化造成Na_2SO_3的损失,亚硫酸钠溶液宜新鲜配制。     

双极性膜电渗析法在脱硫废液NaHSO3再生过程中的应用研究

介绍了用双极性膜电渗析法对烟气脱硫废液（ＮａＨＳＯ３）进行再生的方法,使用自制均相双极膜和上海产异相双极性膜,配以均阳相离子交换膜,均能以满意的转化率（８０％以上）实现再生,再行过程中电流效率的下降（由８０％左右下降到２０％左右）是由于酸室中氢离子浓度升高所致,脱硫废液中少量到钠的存在对再生过程无明显影响,目前障碍该法实际应用主要的问题是国内试制厝的寿命较短。     

北京市垃圾问题的现状及对策

介绍了北京市近年垃圾的产量、成分、热值及其变化情况。并对北京市垃圾处理所遵循的方针以及为处理垃圾做的工作,垃圾处理项目建设的进展情况作了简要介绍。目前北京市垃圾处理率约40%,到2000年可达到60%以上,处理垃圾要逐步达到以焚烧和实现资源化为主,适当发展堆肥处理,尽量减少填埋处理的垃圾量。文中另就垃圾的资源化、产业化发表了意见。为了加快处理垃圾、减轻政府负担,应逐步建立处理垃圾的产业,并逐步实现社会化,为此建议政府应制定相应的优惠政策。      

沈阳市建立资源循环型社会的思考

简要分析了沈阳这一特大城市建立资源循环型社会的必要性 ,对如何尽快形成资源循环型体系提出了主要对策     

Microbial community functional structure in response to micro-aerobic conditions in sulfate-reducing sulfur-producing bioreactor

Limited oxygen supply to anaerobic wastewater treatment systems had been demonstrated as an effective strategy to improve elemental sulfur(S0) recovery, coupling sulfate reduction and sulfide oxidation. However, little is known about the impact of dissolved oxygen(DO) on the microbial functional structures in these systems. We used a high throughput tool(GeoChip) to evaluate the microbial community structures in a biological desulfurization reactor under micro-aerobic conditions(DO: 0.02–0.33 mg/L). The results indicated that the microbial community functional compositions and structures were dramatically altered with elevated DO levels. The abundances of dsrA/B genes involved in sulfate reduction processes significantly decreased(p 0.05, LSD test) at relatively high DO concentration(DO: 0.33 mg/L). The abundances of sox and fccA/B genes involved in sulfur/sulfide oxidation processes significantly increased(p 0.05, LSD test) in low DO concentration conditions(DO: 0.09 mg/L) and then gradually decreased with continuously elevated DO levels. Their abundances coincided with the change of sulfate removal efficiencies and elemental sulfur(S0) conversion efficiencies in the bioreactor. In addition, the abundance of carbon degradation genes increased with the raising of DO levels, showing that the heterotrophic microorganisms(e.g., fermentative microorganisms) were thriving under micro-aerobic condition. This study provides new insights into the impacts of micro-aerobic conditions on the microbial functional structure of sulfatereducing sulfur-producing bioreactors, and revealed the potential linkage between functional microbial communities and reactor performance.     

济钢高炉煤气净化回收与综合利用

就河南济源钢铁公司高炉煤气净化系统现状、存在的问题以及改进措施作了详细介绍,净化后的高炉煤气加以综合利用,给济钢带来了巨大的经济效益和环境效益。同时指出高炉煤气净化利用是钢铁企业节能降耗,降低生产成本的有效途径之一。