基于正压氧气呼吸器对人呼出气体的研究

本文介绍了正压呼吸器佩戴者呼出来的气体再次被利用,补偿系统的吸气气源,使之达到其系统工作的气体传动及协调平衡系统的目的,极大地延长呼吸器的使用时间。     

The GANE Roof Project: The impact of reduced N & S deposition and experimental warming in an acid grassland

A field-based system used to quantify the response of acid grassland to reduced atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur deposition, and to investigate the effects of elevated soil temperature on acid grassland development is described. The system is based on 12 retractable roofs, covering undisturbed experimental plots of acid grassland and three controls. Nine roofs are used to exclude natural precipitation and three roofs used to retain emitted IR radiation at night. An irrigation system has been developed to simulate natural precipitation, allowing for the application of specific treatment regimes of ambient, reduced nitrogen and reduced nitrogen/sulphur deposition beneath the nine rain exclusion plots. Plant, soil parameters, leachate chemistry and gaseous fluxes are being monitored and initial results on soil water chemistry are described. Warming appeared to enhance nitrate concentrations in soil water but this was not sustained beyond the first year of treatment. In contrast, the deposition reduction treatments decreased soil water nitrate concentrations within a few weeks of reducing deposition. This was not observed for other solutes such as sulphate or ammonium suggesting a more direct link between deposition of nitrate and leaching losses.     

Novel perspective for urban water resource management: 5R generation

• 5R (Recover, Reduce, Recycle, Resource and Reuse) approaches to manage urban water. • 5R harvests storm water, gray water and black water in several forms. • 5R offers promise for moving solutions for urban water scarcity in practice. Demand for water is expanding with increases in population, particularly in urban areas in developing countries. Additionally, urban water system needs a novel perspective for upgradation with urbanization. This perspective presents a novel 5R approach for managing urban water resources: Recover (storm water), Reduce (toilet flushing water), Recycle (gray water), Resource (black water), and Reuse (advanced-treated wastewater). The 5R generation incorporates the latest ideas for harvesting storm water, gray water, and black water in its several forms. This paper has briefly demonstrated each R of 5R generation for water treatment and reuse. China has the chance to upgrade its urban water systems according to 5R principles. Already, a demonstration project of 5R generation has been installed in Qingdao International Horticultural Exposition, and Dalian International Convention Center (China) has applied 5R, achieving over 70% water saving. The 5R offers promise for moving solutions for urban water scarcity from “hoped for in the future” to “realistic today”.     

细微泥沙对活性污泥系统的影响及其恢复特征

不同地区、排水体制和季节下,我国城市污水厂进水中细微泥沙含量〔以ρ(ISS)/ρ(COD_Cr)表征,ISS为无机悬浮固体〕差异较大,细微泥沙进入生化处理单元将会对活性污泥系统的正常运行产生一定影响. 考察在不同进水细微泥沙浓度下,活性污泥系统各运行参数的变化及系统恢复情况,结果表明:①随着进水中细微泥沙浓度的增大,活性污泥系统ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)、SOUR′(单位质量污泥活性)、CST(污泥毛细吸水时间)和SVI(污泥容积指数)降低;在影响期,ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)最小值、SOUR′平均值、CST平均值与细微泥沙浓度均呈良好的线性关系,R2(相关系数)分别为0.963 7、0.979 9和0.786 5;系统恢复所需时间与进水细微泥沙浓度呈正相关. ②污泥中细微泥沙浓度的增加导致SOUR′下降,使得ρ(MLSS)和剩余污泥量增加,不利于污水厂的节能减排. 可见进水中细微泥沙浓度的增大不利于污水厂的稳定高效运行.      

水溶性吸收剂对甲苯废气的吸收性能

液体吸收法应用于处理工业有机废气涉及到2个关键因素,即吸收剂的选择与吸收液的再生处理. 选择8种水溶性吸收剂——2种氟碳表面活性剂(FSO100和FSN100)、2种非离子表面活性剂〔TW80(吐温80)和SP20(斯盘20)〕、2种阴离子表面活性剂〔脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠(AEC)〕及2种类表面活性剂〔β-CD(β-环糊精)和SA(乙酸钠), 对模拟甲苯废气进行了动力学吸收试验,研究吸收性能和加热蒸馏法对甲苯回收与吸收剂溶液再生的可行性. 结果表明:吸收剂类型是影响甲苯吸收能力的最主要因素. 2种氟碳表面活性剂吸收液的甲苯吸收能力最强,其次是SP20与AES,而其他4种吸收剂溶液对甲苯的吸收能力很弱. 上述3类吸收剂对甲苯的初始去除率分别为80%～90%、75%左右与60%～70%,甲苯饱和吸收浓度(以w计)分别为0.58～3.45、0.38～1.44与0.14～1.01 mg/g. 除TW80吸收液热稳定性差、不宜采用加热蒸馏方法再生外, 其他吸收剂溶液经5次重复使用,甲苯回收率可达70%～85%,并能保持其原有吸收性能. 甲苯分配系数计算结果表明,FSO100和FSN100分别为0.41、0.62, SP20和AES分别为0.76、0.95, 其他4种吸收剂溶液在1.12～3.54之间;甲苯分配系数与饱和吸收浓度呈负相关、与体积传质系数呈正相关. 因此,2种氟碳表面活性剂吸收液对甲苯的吸收能力强,加热蒸馏法回收甲苯与再生吸收液具有经济性,用于处理甲苯废气具有广泛的应用前景.      

延时曝气对常温低氨氮SBR亚硝化影响及恢复

常温条件[(22±1)℃]下,采用SBR反应器,探讨延时曝气对常温低氨氮生活污水亚硝化的影响及寻找一种因延时曝气失稳的亚硝化高效恢复策略.结果表明,延时曝气可为NOB创造一个迅速增殖的有利环境,经23d的延时曝气(延迟时间1h)最终使亚硝化系统失稳;且失稳后仅通过限氧无法实现其恢复,而通过增设1h前置厌氧搅拌并缩短曝气时间控制氨氧化率在50%左右,经过60个周期(20d)实现了亚硝化的恢复.     

The barriers to environmental sustainability in post‐disaster settings: a case study of transitional shelter implementation in Haiti

Disaster recovery operations that do not account for environmental sustainability (ES) risk exacerbating the impact of the disaster and hindering long‐term recovery efforts. Yet aid agencies do not always consider ES. This research is a case study of the recovery that followed the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Using timber and concrete procurement as proxies for broader post‐disaster operations, research examined perceptions of ES as well as attempts at and barriers to incorporating it into programming. Identified barriers can be grouped into two categories: (1) prioritisations and perceptions within the disaster response sector that resulted in limited enthusiasm for incorporating ES into programming, and (2) structural and organisational barriers within the disaster response framework that impeded ES attempts and served as a further disincentive to incorporating ES into programming. As a result of those barriers, incorporation of ES was sporadic and inconsistent and often depended on the capacity and motivation of specific implementers.     

Tears,fears and cheers: responses to the post‐disaster school relocation policy in China

This paper reports on the results of a qualitative study on the responses of Chinese school children in one junior middle school and their parents to China's post‐disaster school relocation policy. The sample comprised 22 pairs of parent–child dyads and two pupils whose parents could not be contacted. The study results were reported using Chambers and Wedel's (2009) conceptual framework, which delineates the fundamental elements of a policy. Content analysis was used to generate themes related to policy elements, such as goals, benefits and services. Both repetitive themes and idiosyncratic perspectives were reported so as to present a diversity of views. Despite adjustment difficulties and administrative problems reported by the study participants, the policy attention given to the rapid restoration of formal schooling for children was generally appreciated. The move back to the new school was greeted with cheer.     

Environmental consequence analysis for resource depletion

Resource depletion is of concern to both present and future generations in terms of access to resources. It is a prominent impact category within life cycle assessment (LCA) and sustainability assessment. This paper examines existing resource depletion approaches and indicators in the context of natural gas depletion, and their limitations in modelling the wider environmental consequences of resource consumption. Some existing models assume substitution of scarce fossil fuels with an alternative fossil fuel or mix, but do not consider all of the subsequent change in impacts. An additional methodology is proposed to measure the impact changes when fossil fuel substitution occurs as a result of scarcity. The methodology will demonstrate the effect of resource scarcity for individual processes but also multiple processes which operate at different levels of resource consumption with varying degrees of impacts. The methodology is applied to a scarcity situation of natural gas in Australia, where black coal is substituted for gas. It is first applied to natural gas consumed for electricity generation only. In the second case, the methodology is applied to the substitution of natural gas for both electricity generation and hydrogen production. The varying impacts on emissions to air and water, together with solid waste generation and water depletion, as a result of the substitution are used to reflect the consequences of fossil fuel depletion. The indicators also provide information on the impacts of substitution in each product, thus enabling users to prioritise products based on the impacts produced during natural gas allocation.     

青岛市中水回用研究

青岛是一个水资源严重短缺的城市,研究中水回用对缓解青岛用水紧张和节约水资源都有积极的意义.研究了青岛市中水回用的必要性、可行性及现状,进而提出了推进青岛中水回用的有关对策.