生态环境脆弱地区油气田开发生态保护措施探讨

我国许多油气田处于生态环境脆弱地区,石油开采以及油气集输、储运等工程对生态环境的影响非常突出。文章依据生态保护的原则提出了油气田开发规划、设计、施工以及施工后几个阶段应当采取的生态保护措施,同时还提出了施工结束后的一些生态恢复措施,以供借鉴。     

Acidification at Plastic Lake,Ontario: Has 20 Years Made a Difference?

In response to reduced sulphur emissions, there has been a large decrease in sulphate (; −0.97 μeq l⁻¹ year⁻¹) and hydrogen (−1.18 μeq l⁻¹ year⁻¹) ion concentration in bulk precipitation between 1980 and 2000 at Plastic Lake in central Ontario. The benefit of this large reduction in deposition on stream water chemistry was assessed using the gauged outflow from a conifer-forested catchment (PC1; 23.3 ha), which is influenced by a small wetland located immediately upstream of the outflow. Sulphate concentrations declined, but not significantly due to large inter-annual variation in concentration. Between 1980 and 2000, there were significant increases in dissolved organic carbon, ammonium and potassium concentration likely reflecting increased mineralisation in the wetland. Calcium concentrations in PC1 decreased during the two decade period (−2.24 μeq l⁻¹ year⁻¹), as a consequence there was no improvement in stream pH and the Ca:Al ratio in PC1 continued to decline. A similar response was noted in an upland-draining sub-catchment of PC1-08 that has been monitored since 1987. Despite large reductions in deposition and almost complete retention of nitrogen in soil, there has been no improvement (in terms of pH) in stream water at PC1 due to a combination of soil acidification and climatic (droughts, increased mineralisation) perturbations.     

从水溶液中分离回收醋酸方法的评述

评述了从水溶液中分离回收醋酸的普通精馏法、共沸精馏法、酯化法和溶剂萃取法，具体分析了各种方法 特点及适用范围。建议在工业上对较高浓度的醋酸用低沸点溶剂萃取－共沸精馏联合法，对低浓度醋酸溶液采用有机胺溶剂萃取法进行分离。     

阳离子交换树脂生产中废酸的回收利用及树脂质量控制

采用 酸套洗工艺代替传统的加水稀释洗涤工艺，成功地解决了阳离子交换树脂生产中废酸的回收利用问题，研究了采用新洗涤工艺后树脂变红的机理和防止对策，结果表明，树脂发红帅微生物的参与而引起的。采以完善洗涤 灭菌措施可防止树脂 ，从而确保了稀酸套洗工艺的顺利实施。     

回收废旧电池外壳聚丙烯的力学和耐热性能研究

社会经济的发展和生活水平的提高使得汽车保有量逐年增加,服役后报废汽车产生的废旧蓄电池也快速上升,报废的蓄电池给环境带来巨大压力.废旧电池外壳是聚丙烯,如何循环利用成为亟待解决问题.采用高抗冲共聚聚丙烯对其进行增韧改性,结果表明:当添加20％共聚聚丙烯后,缺口冲击强度提升39.2％,熔体流动速率降低了48.3％,在150...     

源分离黄水氮磷资源化利用研究进展

黄水(尿液)中含有较高的氮磷钾组分,具有较高的资源化回收潜力。对黄水在源头分离并资源化利用,能够提高氮磷的回收效率,同时降低污水厂的运行压力。对氮磷减排和资源化回收现状、源分离排水系统以及源分离黄水的处理技术发展现状等进行综述,为源分离黄水资源化提供技术支持,为"厕所改革"在农村地区的推广提供参考。     

废锂电池配合-沉淀体系碱浸液中铝的回收

为分离回收废锂电池中的铝,在含铁及含铁锰的两种碱浸液中构建了金属（Me）-OH^--CO₃^2-,Me-OH^--NH₃,Me-OH^--NH₃-CO₃^2-三种配合-沉淀体系,分析了三种体系在不同pH条件下的铝去除率和Al（OH）₃沉淀中的铁及铁锰含量。实验结果表明：含铁碱浸液在pH为8.0~10.0的适宜条件下,Me-OH^--CO₃^2-、Me-OH^--NH₃和Me-OH^--NH₃-CO₃^2-体系的铝去除率分别高达99.4%、99.7%和99.6%,Al（OH）₃沉淀中含少量铁,Me-OH^--NH₃-CO₃^2-体系生成的Al（OH）₃沉淀比Me-OH^--NH₃ 体系的Al（OH）₃沉淀更易分离;含铁锰碱浸液Me-OH^--CO₃^2-、Me-OH^--NH₃和Me-OH^--NH₃-CO₃^2-体系的铝去除率分别高达99.4%,99.7%和99.9%,Al（OH）₃沉淀中几乎不含锰,含有少量铁。     

废旧轮胎回收利用现状及污染防治对策研究

随着汽车工业的发展,废轮胎的回收利用越来越受到关注。在阐述轮胎的来源、组成及性质的基础上,分析了废旧轮胎的主要流向及其环境影响,剖析了当前我国在回收利用技术以及管理上存在的问题,提出了污染防治对策。     

Sensitivity of species-distribution models to error,bias, and model design: An application to resource selection functions for woodland caribou

Models that predict distribution are now widely used to understand the patterns and processes of plant and animal occurrence as well as to guide conservation and management of rare or threatened species. Application of these methods has led to corresponding studies evaluating the sensitivity of model performance to requisite data and other factors that may lead to imprecise or false inferences. We expand upon these works by providing a relative measure of the sensitivity of model parameters and prediction to common sources of error, bias, and variability. We used a one-at-a-time sample design and GPS location data for woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) to assess one common species-distribution model: a resource selection function. Our measures of sensitivity included change in coefficient values, prediction success, and the area of mapped habitats following the systematic introduction of geographic error and bias in occurrence data, thematic misclassification of resource maps, and variation in model design. Results suggested that error, bias and model variation have a large impact on the direct interpretation of coefficients. Prediction success and definition of important habitats were less responsive to the perturbations we introduced to the baseline model. Model coefficients, prediction success, and area of ranked habitats were most sensitive to positional error in species locations followed by sampling bias, misclassification of resources, and variation in model design. We recommend that researchers report, and practitioners consider, levels of error and bias introduced to predictive species-distribution models. Formal sensitivity and uncertainty analyses are the most effective means for evaluating and focusing improvements on input data and considering the range of values possible from imperfect models.     

Consumer understanding of product lifetimes

Throwing products away before they fail or are broken is at the heart of consumer behaviour in developed economies such as the UK. Products are often discarded for reasons of fashion, or to keep up with technological advances, rather than because they have reached the end of their functional life. Such behaviours contribute to resource depletion, greenhouse gas emissions, and physical waste which needs to be managed. Extending the length of time that products are kept in use (whether by their original or subsequent owners) can contribute to greater resource efficiency, with significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This research was undertaken to support the development of evidence-based policy in the UK on the role of longer product lifetimes in achieving sustainable consumption and waste prevention. Twelve qualitative discussion groups, involving 115 consumers, were carried out to explore consumer influences on product lifetimes including: which factors influence purchase decisions; the care of products in use; and disposal decisions. A new typology was developed to describe how products meet consumers’ various needs for ‘workhorses’, ‘investment’ and ‘up-to-date’ products; and how lifetime is an outcome of the ‘nature’ of a product (functional life) and its ‘nurture’ (lifetime in use) by consumers. The results demonstrate that consumers have come to expect constant and rapid up-dating of products. In particular, having the latest versions of products is strongly associated with personal identity and feelings of success in life. There is little evidence of concern about the environmental consequences of a ‘throwaway society’. The low cost of new products, which enables rapid updating for reasons of fashion, is a key barrier to encouraging consumers to keep products in use for longer. Some opportunities were identified however for certain ‘workhorse’ and ‘investment’ products that are valued more for their functionality than fashion.