Territory and group sizes in Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber): echoes of settlement and reproduction?

According to current theories of territoriality, an animal is expected to defend the smallest area that can provide resources for maximisation of reproduction, known as the economically defendable area. In group territorial species however, the strategies behind resource defence are likely to be more complex with corporate territoriality, cooperative breeding, delayed dispersal and intra-group competition all potentially playing a role. Here we examined group territoriality in a social herbivorous rodent, the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber. Beavers in our study do not inhabit economically defendable territories. Instead the sequence of arrival of pairs into unoccupied areas seems to play a more important role in determining the size of the territory, whereas group size is determined by past reproductive success. We argue that the settlement pattern and reproductive history have a lasting impact in the territorial system of beavers due to a combination of the low adult mortality, high dispersal costs, and avoidance of resource depletion.R.D. Campbell and F. Rosell contributed equally to this work     

P204f(D2EHPA)萃取分离回收催化剂母液中钴、锰

石油化工和化纤工业中大量使用钴,锰催化剂,应及时从各种废液中回收、再生,本文在25±1℃下研究了D_2EHPA-煤油从硫酸盐介质中萃取分离钴(Ⅱ)、锰(Ⅱ)的工艺,考察了萃取剂浓度、平衡pH值、相比对萃取的影响,求取了较适宜的工艺条件,利用五级逆流萃取模拟试验将钴、锰浓度比从1:1.5提高到1000:1,加入洗涤段后,又可获得金属含量比为1000的纯锰溶液,初步探索了用先进的液膜萃取新技术从溶液中分别富集、分离钴(Ⅱ)、锰(Ⅱ)的方法,找出了体系pH值对液膜萃取的影响,提出了从PTA氧化母液中回收废催化剂,萃取分离钴、锰,再生制备醋酸钴、醋酸锰和其他含钴、锰精细化工产品的工艺。     

锌镀层退镀废液中锌酸治理回收技术

本研究以锌镀层退底废液中锌配备顺收为例探讨从盐酸体系中分离酸－金属的工艺特点，选取了高效又价廉的国产萃取剂（Ｎ－２３５）和反萃剂（生石灰），建立了新的回收处理工艺路线，中试结果证明此工艺在技术上和设备上是可行的。     

Optimal maternal investment in the dung beetle<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Onthophagus taurus</Emphasis>?

Optimal investment theory is based on the assumption that the proximate constraint acting on parental investment is resource based. A trade-off between per offspring investment and total investment seems intuitive. Consequently, a parents investment strategy is expected to represent a trade-off between the benefits of investment for current offspring and the costs to future reproduction for parents. In this study, we provide clear evidence that the costs and benefits of maternal provisioning in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus influence the amount of provisions provided by the mother. Horse dung is typically of a higher nutritional value than cow dung and females were shown to provide 20% less dung to offspring when provisioning with horse dung. By reducing their investment per offspring and exhibiting a clear preference to provision offspring with horse dung, females were able to produce significantly more offspring. Females provisioning with horse dung received greater fitness returns per unit of investment and experienced lower provisioning costs, in terms of the minimum amount of dung required to produce a surviving offspring, than females provisioning with cow dung. Females provisioning in soil of low moisture content were found to have higher tunneling costs than those provisioning in soil of high moisture content, while the fitness returns per unit of investment did not differ. We adopted a marginal value theorem (MVT) approach to calculate the theoretical optimal level of investment for each dung type and for each soil moisture. Predicted levels of provisioning were lower for horse dung than for cow dung and for moist soil than for dry soil. Therefore, the results of this study are in qualitative agreement with MVT predictions and provide empirical support for the proposal that females can adaptively adjust their level of investment in response to resource and/or habitat quality. However, the theoretically predicted optimal investment yielded a poor quantitative fit with our observed levels of investment, with females providing over twice the investment predicted by the MVT approach. We suggest that this difference may reflect either our inability in directly quantifying all the necessary costs and benefits of investment in O. taurus and/or the applicability of the underlying assumptions of MVT.Communicated by D. Gwynne     

Weapon size versus body size as a predictor of winning in fights between shore crabs, Carcinus maenas (L.)

Relative body size (carapace width) and weapon size (chela length) were used as indicators of resource holding potential (RHP) in the agonistic behaviour of male shore crabs, Carcinus maenas (L.). Weapon size was found to be a more reliable predictor of the outcome of pairwise fights than body size. Crabs with longer chelae than their opponents were more likely to win fights than crabs with relatively larger bodies. Body size had less influence on the outcome of fights. Relative body and weapon size did not influence initiation of contests but did affect the likelihood of winning; however, this was significant only for weapon size. Winning crabs had heavier claws with greater surface area than losing crabs. There was no relationship between relative size and fight duration. The frequency of cheliped display increased with chela length and win- ners performed significantly more displays than losers. Received: 5 February 1997 / Accepted after revision: 20 May 1997     

推进城市再生水源热泵供热，实现节能减排新突破——沈阳市再生水源热泵供热进展

再生水源热泵供热是指利用热泵技术提取再生水中的低品位热能为建筑物供热。本文以沈阳市系统推进该项节能减排技术为例,阐述了其对国内城市推广再生水源热泵技术供热的重大示范意义,并提出了进一步发展再生水源热泵供热的对策建议。     

生物膜对日常生产、生活的影响与作用

自然环境中生物膜随处可见。生物膜在污水处理以及河流水质净化等方面具有保护水环境的积极作用。然而,生物膜也存在着相当的负面影响,这些负面影响不仅危及到人们的日常生活和健康,而且还会腐蚀管道和船体等金属材料。本文总结和分析生物膜在环境中对人类生产、生活的利弊,目的是使人们了解和认识生物膜的正反两方面影响,以推动对生物膜利用或抑制等方面的研究。     

城市内河蓝藻复苏和生长规律研究

主要探讨城市化对城市内河蓝藻复苏和生长的影响。这些影响包括河流中营养物的升高、高等水生植物的灭绝、河水所受光照强度的变化以及由河水滞流带来的水体复氧效率降低对内河中蓝藻爆发条件的影响。通过实验我们发现金鱼藻与水网藻的存在可以在一定程度上抑制蓝藻的生长,金鱼藻的效果比水网藻更明显。适宜的光照是蓝藻大量生长的条件。对水体进行曝气复氧可以抑制蓝藻的生长。     

Effect of sodium alginate on phosphorus recovery by vivianite precipitation

There are good prospects for phosphorus recovery from excess sludge by vivianite crystallization while a large number of extracellular polymeric substances in sludge will have impact on vivianite precipitation. In this study, as a representative of extracellular polymeric substance, the effect of sodium alginate (SA) on phosphorus recovery by vivianite precipitation under different initial SA concentrations (0–800 mg/L), pH values (6.5–9.0) and Fe/P molar ratios (1:1–2.4:1) was investigated using synthetic wastewater. The results showed that SA in low concentrations (≤400 mg/L) had little inhibitory effect on the phosphorus recovery rate. However, when the concentration of SA was larger than 400 mg/L, the phosphorus recovery rate decreased significantly with increasing SA concentrations. The inhibition rate of 800 mg/L SA was about 3 times as large as that of 400 mg/L SA. It was worth noting that the inhibitory effect of SA on vivianite precipitation decreased with increasing initial pH and Fe/P molar ratios. Additionally, SA has no obvious influence on the composition of products, but the morphology of harvested crystals was transformed from branches to plates or rods in uneven sizes.     

废铅酸电池回收制取再生铅合金技术的生命周期评价

废铅酸电池的回收利用已成为铅酸电池行业实现健康持续发展的关键一环.本文采用生命周期评价方法,分析了废铅酸电池回收制取铅合金技术及末端污染控制全过程的环境影响,并与废铅酸电池回收制铅锭再制电池材料和利用原生材料生产电池材料的过程进行了对比研究.结论表明废铅酸电池回收直接制取铅合金过程中铅膏熔炼和合金配制环节在各环境影响指标中的贡献较大(其中全球变暖潜值中占60%和33%,酸化潜值中占33%和54%,人体毒性潜值中占28%和57%),主要为辅助材料及能源动力带来的间接影响;利用原生材料生产电池材料过程的环境影响相对另两个过程更大,归一化的环境影响指标结果中人体毒性潜值、富营养化潜值及酸化潜值最大(分别为2.42×10~(-11)、1.26×10~(-11)和1.08×10~(-11)),其中铅原料生产的贡献比例占绝大部分.废电池回收直接制取再生铅合金与废电池回收制铅锭再制电池材料相比,环境影响表现更优,有利于形成电池生产企业的闭环循环过程,值得应用推广.未来应鼓励以废铅酸电池回收代替相应原生材料生产新电池,同时进一步减少回收过程中使用的资源能源环境影响,以带来更大的环境效益.