Socioeconomic benefits of conserving Iran’s water resources through modifying agricultural practices and water management strategies

Sustainable development requires modifying the current consumption pattern of natural resources. This study investigates efficient tactics for reducing the unsustainability and inefficiency of human’s food-related blue water consumption alongside improving national environmental and socioeconomic status. As a case study for Iran, 15 alternative management scenarios (AMS) were defined compared to the current on-farm management, and their effects were assessed on a monthly scale. Based on the results, 45.5 billion m³ y⁻¹ (BCM) blue water is consumed within the croplands, 78% and 34% of which are unsustainable and inefficient, respectively. AMCs reduces the unsustainable and inefficient blue water consumption by 2–17 BCM and 2–13 BCM, respectively. The combination of yield gap closure, drip irrigation, soil mulching, and deficit irrigation has the largest effect on blue water saving; it releases or changes the status of monthly blue water scarcity in 11 provinces; increases field-employees by 132%, food security by 9%, international food-export by 87%, and gross domestic production by 54%. However, it doesn’t fully address blue water overconsumption in the summer period; hence, further measures are needed to reduce blue water scarcity to the sustainable level in these environmental hotspots.     

Pollution characteristics, sources and lung cancer risk of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a new urban district of Nanjing, China

This paper focused on the pollution characteristics,sources and lung cancer risk of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in a new urban district of Nanjing,China.Gaseous and aerosol PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than2.5 urn) samples were collected in spring of 2015.Sixteen PAHs were extracted and analyzed after sampling.Firstly,arithmetic mean concentrations of PAHs and BaP_(eq)(benzo[a]pyrene equivalent) were calculated.The mean concentrations of PAHs were 29.26±14.13,18.14±5.37 and 48.47±16.03 ng/m~3 in gas phase,particle phase and both phases,respectively.The mean concentrations of BaP_(eq) were 0.87±0.51,2.71±2.17 and 4.06±2.31 ng/m~3 in gas phase,particle phase and both phases,respectively.Secondly,diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis were adopted to identify the sources of PAHs and the outcomes were the same:traffic exhaust was the predominant source followed by fuel combustion and industrial process.Finally,incremental lung cancer risk(ILCR) induced by whole year inhalation exposure to PAHs for population groups of different age and gender were estimated based on a Monte Carlo simulation.ILCR values caused by particle phase PAHs were greater than those caused by gas phase PAHs.ILCR values for adults were greater than those for other age groups.ILCR values caused by total(gas + particle) PAHs for diverse groups were all greater than the significant level(10~6),indicating high potential lung cancer risk.Sensitivity analysis results showed that cancer slope factor for BaP inhalation exposure and BaP_(eq) concentration had greater impact than body weight and inhalation rate on the ILCR.     

廊坊市秋冬季大气细颗粒物污染特征及来源解析

分析了2019～2020年秋冬季廊坊市北部、市区和南部这3个站点的大气细颗粒物及其化学组成.空间分布上,PM_2.5浓度整体为：南部>市区>北部.PM_2.5主要成分为有机物、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铵盐、矿物组分、氯离子和元素碳,分别占PM_2.5的质量分数为25.4%、21.5%、11.0%、11.5%、13.7%、3.5%和5.8%,金属元素及其他物质的质量分数分别为0.3%和7.2%;二次无机盐浓度呈现市区(28.7μg·m^-3)高于北部(28.0μg·m^-3)和南部(26.8μg·m^-3)郊区的变化特征,而有机物(其浓度分别为16.6、13.0和18.5μg·m^-3,由北向南,下同)、矿物组分(9.6、6.7和9.7μg·m^-3)、氯盐(2.0、2.0和2.8μg·m^-3)和元素碳(3.6、3.2和4.3μg·m^-3)浓度呈现南部和北部郊区高于市区的变化特征.随...     

非预混碳氢火焰结构条件矩封闭模拟

采用Smooke 35步机理和条件矩封闭模型,数值方法应用二阶精度中心差分和刚性系统算法器VODE,对一甲烷对撞火焰结构进行了模拟,获得了非预混火焰中反应物、主产物和微量组分随混合分数的变化关系.结果表明,该方法具有较好预测效果,具有较大潜力.     

PROBLEMS AND METHODS INVOLVED IN RELATING LAND USE TO GROUND-WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: Efforts to relate shallow ground-water quality to the land use near a well lead to several statistical difficulties. These include potential uncertainty in land-use categorical data due to misclassification, data closure, distributional skewing, and spatial autocorrelation. Methods of addressing these problems are, respectively, the establishment of limits on minimum buffer radius, the estimation of contrasts, rank-based tests of association, and sub-sampling to prevent buffer overlap. Relations between the presence of purgeable organic compounds in ground water and land use are used to illustrate these problems and methods.     

浅谈非正规垃圾填埋场的治理

以广东省某镇级非正规垃圾填埋场整治为例,介绍非正规垃圾填埋场治理技术及主要工程措施,为今后类似项目提供借鉴。     

基于观测的大气气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子模型研究 ——以2006 CAREBeijing加强观测为例

在2006年北京加强观测期间,以颗粒物－液体转换采集系统(PILS)测量的气溶胶各可溶性离子组分的质量浓度、颗粒物分级采样器(MOUDI)测量的各可溶性离子组分及有机碳(OC)、碳黑(EC)的分级质量谱分布为基础,对离子组分的可能存在形态进行判断,计算了化学组分质量浓度及各化学物种的粒径数谱浓度;利用Mie模型及各化学物种的密度、折射率、吸湿粒径增长因子等参数计算得到外混、内混的粒子群在干燥状态、不同相对湿度下的散射系数,最终计算得到不同化学组分外混、内混状态下的散射吸湿增长因子;将模型模拟的气溶胶散射吸湿增长因子与观测得到的该因子进行对比,发现模拟值与观测值能够在一定误差范围内吻合,实现了该因子的闭合实验.     

填埋场封场覆盖技术及其工程质量控制

探讨了垃圾填埋场封场工程中的封场覆盖技术,分析了封场覆盖系统各组成部分的结构组成和功能,提出了封场覆盖系统的工程质量控制措施。     

黄山夏季气溶胶吸湿性及与化学组分闭合

大气气溶胶的吸湿性对其光学性质、云凝结核的活性以及人体健康都有重要影响.利用2014年7月在黄山光明顶观测获得的气溶胶的吸湿增长因子(GF)和多尺度气溶胶离子化学成分的观测数据,进行气溶胶吸湿性与化学组分的闭合研究.结果表明,黄山夏季气溶胶(在70~230 nm范围内)中硫酸铵、有机物(OC)、不可溶的物质含量最多,硝酸铵含量次之,硫酸氢铵含量最少,其中主要无机成分含量随着粒径的增加而逐渐增加;气溶胶在白天的吸湿性强于夜间,并且气溶胶粒子的吸湿性随粒径增加有逐渐增强的趋势;根据所有粒径的气溶胶粒子化学组分计算出的吸湿性参数κ值与κ观测值呈现大致相同的波动变化趋势,并且较接近观测值,决定系数r~2达到0.60.     

西藏高原高寒草甸能量平衡闭合研究

运用OLS线性回归和计算EBR能量平衡比率的方法,以当雄草原站2003~2005年的通量数据为基础,对西藏高寒草原的能量平衡闭合状况进行了研究。研究结果表明,当雄草原站存在着能量不完全闭合的现象,OLS线型回归斜率偏低。生长季能量闭合状况好于非生长季,白天好于夜晚,晴天好于阴天和雨雪天气。随后对能量不闭合的原因进行了初步分析。将潜热通量、显热通量以及土壤热通量的时间提前后,能量闭合程度提高。得出结论,由于热量传输速率的差别,在很大程度上影响了能量的闭合。其他原因如采样的误差与仪器的误差、高频和低频的损失、其他能量项的忽略、平流的损失,也造成了部分能量的不闭合。