地铁长大区间隧道火灾排烟模式有效性研究

为了研究地铁长大区间隧道火灾烟气控制模式,以国内某在建长大区间隧道为研究实例。选取了区间隧道内3个不同的位置作为列车着火位置,分别为每种工况设置不同的排烟送风模式。基于FDS软件进行仿真模拟,研究各工况下,隧道内顶棚温度、风速、流量的变化及隧道顶棚稳定温度纵向分布,获得了不同工况下的排烟效果。研究表明,根据区间内着火位置不同,采取相对应的排烟送风模式,使火灾烟气的蔓延得到了有效控制。     

盾构隧道安全疏散通道加压送风计算分析

为防止盾构隧道行车道发生火灾时烟气侵入人员疏散通道,可通过在盾构隧道疏散通道内设置独立机械加压送风系统保证疏散通道内正压状态进行防烟,提高人员疏散安全性。分别利用风速法和压差法对某隧道工程疏散通道加压送风系统送风量进行试算,并采用FDS(Fire Dynamics Simulator)软件对疏散前室送风、疏散通道单侧送风及疏散通道双侧送风3种加压送风方式进行模拟分析,对比不同加压送风方式下各疏散口风速、温度、能见度的情况。结果表明,通过风速法计算得到的加压送风量要大于压差法。采用前室加压送风会造成较强的气流扰动,导致疏散口附近风速及温度剧烈波动,部分烟气进入前室,不利于人员疏散。采用疏散通道加压送风时,疏散口处风速稳定。但采用单侧加压送风时,火源下游疏散口处会有部分烟气积聚,影响人员疏散。采用双侧加压送风时烟气积聚少,疏散口附近温度、能见度等安全指标均在临界范围内,防烟效果良好,可以保证人员疏散安全。因此,建议采用纵向疏散通道加压送风,送风量建议采用风速法计算,当采用纵向疏散通道双侧加压送风时,建议在风速法得出的送风量基础上增加10%作为安全值。     

红土地区地铁暗挖隧道施工地表沉降规律研究

红土在我国有较为广泛的分布,红土具有一定的胀缩性,底部常有软土和土洞分布,容易引起地基变形和地面塌陷。因此,红土地区地铁建设设计、施工都有其特殊性。以昆明地铁施工监测数据为例,研究红土地区地铁施工地表沉降规律,分析其安全性,并为今后红土地区地铁建设提供参考。     

基于模糊理论的隧道施工安全预警模型研究及应用

针对公路隧道施工安全事故发生的特点和影响隧道安全施工的复杂因素,建立了公路隧道施工阶段多层次多因子安全监督动态评估指标体系;运用模糊数学中的多层次多目标模糊优选模型,建立隧道施工安全监督二级动态评估预警模型;利用层次分析法(AHP)计算各评估指标参数的权值,使评估结果更客观、更符合实际。通过对数学模型实际应用,评估结果与实际安全状况比较吻合;该数学模型对公路隧道施工安全监督进行动态评估具有现实的指导意义,为隧道施工安全管理工作提供了理论指导。     

基于云模型的运营隧道结构健康安全评价

为了实现运营隧道结构健康安全评价,选取19个指标因素作为评价指标,并基于大量工程实践和专家经验,进行云模型连续型影响因素属性离散化,得到运营隧道风险评价因子云模型分级标准。根据风险因子的不确定性,建立运营隧道结构健康安全评价云模型,并通过实例进行验证。结果表明,基于云模型的运营隧道结构健康安全等级具有较好可行性与适用性。同时,通过敏感性分析得到影响运营隧道结构健康安全的敏感性因素,为运营隧道结构健康安全控制提供支持。     

空间裂缝病害下铁路隧道衬砌结构安全性研究

基于现场检测结果,针对隧道衬砌裂缝病害,借助ANSYS有限元分析软件,采用荷载－结构法建立含纵向裂缝的隧道计算模型,考虑拱顶和拱腰部位裂缝,分析不同长度、深度裂缝对衬砌结构安全性影响大小,并总结不同规模裂缝下衬砌结构安全性的变化规律。结果表明:裂缝对裂缝附近区域结构的安全性危害最大,拱顶裂缝对衬砌结构的危害程度要远大于拱腰裂缝,且裂缝深度对衬砌结构安全性影响较裂缝长度更为显著,最后在此基础上提出了空间裂缝下衬砌结构安全性评判标准,对不同规模裂缝危害进行等级划分,为隧道相应的病害整治提供了依据。     

Evaluating the impact of criminalizing drunk driving on years of life lost due to road traffic deaths in one megacity,China

Objective: Road safety is an important public health issue worldwide. However, few studies have analyzed the association between criminalizing drunk driving and years of life lost (YLL) due to road traffic deaths (RTDs). Our study can provide useful information about this policy.

Methods: We used interrupted time-series analysis to find the changes in monthly YLL and RTD before and after law enforcement began using RTD data from 2008 to 2014 in Tianjin.

Results: After adjustment for seasonality, months, holidays, and the number of people in each district, criminalizing drunk driving was followed by a 11.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–21.1%) reduction in risk of RTDs and a corresponding 778.1-year (95% CI, 200–1,355.1) reduction in monthly YLL. The reduction in YLL was especially significant among males, those aged 16–64 years old, and suburban residents.

Conclusions: This study highlights that the law can lead to a reduction in YLL due to RTDs in Tianjin, China. Large immediate public health benefits resulted from the new road traffic law in China. YLL provides a complementary measure for examining the effect of criminalization on drunk driving RTDs.     

A 6-year survey of road traffic accidents in Southwest China: Emphasis on traumatic brain injury

Background: The objective of this study is to provide an up-to-date overview of the patterns of injuries, especially traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by RTAs and to discuss some of the public health consequences. Methods: A scientific team was established to collect road traffic accidents occurring between 2013 and 2018 in Chongqing, Southwest China. For each accident, the environment-, vehicle-, and person- variables were analyzed and determined. The overall injury distribution and TBI patterns of four types of road users (driver, passenger, motorcyclist and pedestrian) were compared. The environmental and time distribution of accidents with TBI were shown by bar and pie chart. The risks of severe brain injury whether motorcyclist wearing helmets or not were compared and the risk factors of severe TBI in pedestrian were determined by odds ratio analysis. Results: This study enrolled 2131 accidents with 2741 persons of all kind of traffic participants, 1149 of them suffered AIS1+ head injury and 1598(58%) died in 7 days. The most common cause of deaths is due to head injury with 714(85%) and 1266(79%) persons died within 2 hours. Among 423 persons suffered both skull fracture and intracranial injury, 102 (24.1%) have an intracranial injury but no skull fractures, while none of the skull fractures without intracranial injury was found. Besides, motorcyclists without a helmet were at higher risks for all the brain injury categories. The risk of pedestrian suffering severe TBI at an impact speed of more than 70 km/h is 100 times higher than that with an impact speed of less than 40 km/h. Conclusion: It is urgently needed to develop a more reliable brain injury evaluation criterion for better protection of the road users. We believe that strengthening the emergency care to head injury at the scene is the most effective way to reduce traffic fatality.     

Emissions of volatile hydrocarbons from floating roof tanks and their local dispersion: Considerations for normal operation and in case of damage

This work investigates the release and dispersion of volatile organic hydrocarbons, which may escape from external floating roof tanks (EFRT) during normal operation or in case of damage. The dispersion will be described using CFD simulations in close range of the EFRT where hazardous areas are assigned. The aim of this work is to investigate which events can lead to emissions in dangerous quantities and to estimate the corresponding likelihood with regard to explosion protection. An emission in hazardous amount is present if the lower explosion limit has been exceeded and if the extent of this emission is not too low. It is discussed in particular whether the used zoning of potentially explosive areas is conservative or over-conservative.     

流场状态对渡槽槽体结构风载体形系数的影响

对矩形和U形渡槽槽体在均匀流场和湍流场中各取不同的高宽比进行了风洞试验,分别测量了槽内有水和无水两种情况下槽体各个部位的风压系数,进而算得了渡槽结构的风载体型系数.试验结果表明,湍流对渡槽槽体结构风载体形系数有显著影响,研究成果可为渡槽结构的抗风设计提供参考依据.