公路隧道能见度及其关联影响因子研究

通过对谭裕沟隧道和梧桐山隧道内能见度、机动车流量和构成、主要空气污染物的监测和研究,探讨了隧道内能见度下降的主要原因,结果表明,影响能见度的主要污染物是粒径较小的细粒子。      

Examining the relationship between driver distraction and driving errors: A discussion of theory, studies and methods

Over the past two decades the concept of driver distraction has been the focus of intense research attention. One aspect of distraction for which there has been limited systematic research, however, is its role in driver error causation. This article presents a review of the distraction literature with a view to elucidating what is currently known about the types of driving errors that distraction contributes to and the mechanisms by which distraction induces these errors. The review revealed a number of fundamental gaps in our knowledge, including the number and nature of errors made by drivers when distracted; the mechanisms by which distraction causes errors; whether and how distraction disrupts drivers’ ability to recover from errors; and how system-wide factors moderate the relationship between distraction and error. In closing, we attempt to identify the most appropriate theoretical and methodological approach to drive the integrated study of distraction and error forward. We conclude that it is only through the adoption of a systems approach that integrated countermeasures can be proposed and implemented to mitigate driver errors caused by distraction.     

“一带一路”绿色发展的战略实施框架

本研究认为推进实施绿色化"一带一路"战略是我国与沿线各国深化经济合作,展示负责任大国形象,规避环境风险,促进顺利实现"五通"的根本要求。同时,我国实施绿色化"一带一路"战略还面临着对外投资的环境管控制度不健全,"一带一路"沿线不少国家和地区生态环境脆弱,环境管理基础弱,以及沿线各国和地区发展阶段及环保诉求不同,区域合作平台与机制不完善等内外因素带来的挑战。本文结合我国实施"一带一路"战略的国际、国内形势研判,提出了推进"一带一路"绿色发展的战略框架,建议加快推进四项重点工作,包括强化绿色发展规划顶层设计,健全风险规制机制,构建对外投资行为调控机制,形成有效的"共通"保障机制。     

基于正交试验、组合赋权-灰色关联度法研究隧道施工最优方案

为保证浅埋暗挖大断面隧道施工稳定性,提出正交试验、组合赋权-灰色关联度法研究隧道施工最优方案,确保隧道顺利竣工。依托北京地铁17号线天通苑站出入段线大断面浅埋暗挖渐变隧道工程,首先根据影响隧道施工稳定性的因素,构建L16（5×4）正交表进行正交试验,建立三维模型,然后采用组合赋权-灰色关联度法对试验数据进行处理,关联度越高说明隧道稳定性越好,通过各水平平均关联度选择最优方案,将最优方案运用于天通苑站浅埋暗挖隧道。研究结果表明:最优方案的各项数据均比原始方案小,而且施工现场地面未出现明显裂缝,隧道稳定性较好,说明组合赋权-灰色关联度法在实际工程中有较高的实用性,对于类似复杂隧道工程也有借鉴意义。     

Evaluation of a hospital-based injury surveillance system for monitoring road traffic deaths in Phuket,Thailand

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate and injury surveillance (IS) system’s ability to monitor road traffic deaths and the coverage of road traffic injury and death surveillance in Phuket, Thailand.

Methods: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines on surveillance system evaluation were used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate IS. Interviews with key stakeholders focused on IS’s usefulness, simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, and stability. Active case finding of 2014 road traffic deaths in all paper and electronic hospital record systems was used to assess system sensitivity, positive predictive value, and data quality. Electronic data matching software was used to determine the implications of combining IS data with other provincial-level data sources (e.g., death certificates, electronic vehicle insurance claim system).

Results: Evaluation results indicated that IS was useful, flexible, acceptable, and stable, with a high positive predictive value (99%). Simplicity was limited due to the burden of collecting data on all injuries and use of paper-based data collection forms. Sensitivity was low, with IS only identifying 55% of hospital road traffic death cases identified during active case finding; however, IS cases were representative of cases identified. Data accuracy and completeness varied across data fields. Combining IS with active case finding, death certificates, and the electronic vehicle insurance claim system more than doubled the number of road traffic death cases identified in Phuket.

Conclusion: An efficient and comprehensive road traffic injury and death surveillance system is critical for monitoring Phuket’s road traffic burden. The hospital-based IS system is a useful system for monitoring road traffic deaths and assessing risk behaviors. However, the complexity of data collection and limited coverage hinders the ability of IS to fully represent road traffic deaths in Phuket Province. Combining data sources could improve coverage and should be considered.     

Organizational networks in road safety: Case studies of U.S. Vision Zero cities

Objective: Each year, more than 30,000 deaths occur on U.S. roads. Recognizing the magnitude and persistence of this public health problem, a number of U.S. cities have adopted a relatively new approach to prevention, termed Vision Zero (VZ). VZ has been adopted by more than 30?U.S. cities and calls for creating a transportation system that ensures that no road traffic crash results in death or serious injury. A core component of VZ is strong multidisciplinary and multisector stakeholder engagement, and cities adopting VZ often establish a VZ coalition to foster stakeholder collaboration. However, there is little information on the structure, development, and functioning of coalitions working to achieve VZ and on tools available to study and evaluate such coalition functioning. We sought to describe the characteristics of prominent U.S. VZ city coalitions and context surrounding VZ uptake and advancement in these cities. Moreover, we demonstrate use of network analysis as one tool for exploring the structure of interorganizational relationships in coalitions.

Methods: We conducted case studies of 4 prominent U.S. VZ city coalitions in 2017–2018. We summarized coalition members’ characteristics and responses to questions about their cities’ VZ adoption, planning, and implementation. We asked each coalition member to provide information on their contact frequency, perceived productivity, and resource sharing with every other coalition member in their city and used network analysis techniques in 2 cities to understand the structures and relationships in coalitions.

Results: Findings indicated that government agencies generally constituted the majority of coalition members and often played central roles in terms of coalition network contact, productivity, and resource flow. Other emerging similarities regarding coalition establishment and VZ implementation included the need for political support, the importance of formal plan development, and increased collaboration and cooperation among partners.

Conclusions: Organizational network analyses, enriched with coalition member interviews, can elucidate key aspects of coalition creation, attributes, and relationship structure. The case studies of leading VZ coalition networks presented here highlight the use of these tools. Ultimately, understanding associations between VZ network structures and attributes and road safety outcomes could help inform effective coalition adoption, implementation, and maintenance to optimize safety outcomes.     

基于Vague集的隧道施工安全管理脆弱性评价

为了客观地查找并量化隧道施工安全管理系统的脆弱点及管控要点,本文以系统脆弱性的3个特征要素,即暴露性、敏感性和适应性为二级指标,以隧道施工安全管理系统脆弱性的8项直接影响因素为三级指标,构建系统脆弱性评价体系。提出基于区间数互反判断矩阵与Vague集理论的隧道施工安全管理系统脆弱性评价模型,该模型使用区间数描述指标之间的相对重要程度,以模糊信息对系统脆弱性进行量化评价。通过山西吕梁某隧道施工项目,验证该模型的有效性,结果表明,该模型能够实现对系统脆弱性、特征要素以及各关键指标的量化评价。     

弹头构型对水下射弹表面气泡形态的影响

目的 研究弹头构型对水下射弹表面气泡的影响,提高射弹微气泡减阻的效果。方法 基于高速摄像系统,针对不同弹头构型的水下射弹展开水洞试验研究。对比分析不同速度和通气压力情况下,平台锥形弹头产生的微气泡形态变化规律,以及相同速度和通气压力下,不同弹头构型产生的微气泡形态变化规律。结果 相较椭圆尖弹头,平台锥形弹头更容易在微孔材料的前缘区域形成大气泡,对弹体具有更好的包裹效果。对于不同的弹头构型,在相同流速和通气压力下,弹头锥度为43.6°时的空泡包裹效果最好。结论 存在一个最佳的锥度使气膜的覆盖面积达到最大。     

浅谈万宝矿产有限公司海外项目相关方安全管理

随着国家“一带一路”倡议的推进,越来越多中国企业“走出去”,拓展海外市场。相关方作为海外项目安全管理的重点,存在数量多、安全管理能力参差不齐、安全管理难度大等特点。万宝矿产有限公司从相关方准入审核、过程管控、考核淘汰等全生命周期对海外项目各相关方进行规范化管理,提升了相关方安全管理水平,避免了生产安全事故,保障了项目顺利进行。     

坡度对跨座式单轨隧道临界风速的影响

为研究不同坡度隧道在大功率火源情况下的烟气运动,采用1:20的缩尺隧道模型,通过试验对不同坡度情况下(-6％,-3％,0％,3％,6％)的大火源功率火灾(20,50 MW)时的隧道纵向通风临界风速进行研究.结果表明:0％坡度时,20 MW和50 MW的临界风速相差不大;有坡度时,逆坡送风的临界风速大于顺坡送风的临界风速...