地铁隧道基础变形分析与计算

地下空间开发引发了大量的补偿基础问题,同时也带来了新的岩土技术难题。对结构荷载已完全被开挖土重所替代的等补偿和超补偿基础而言,理论上基础将不会出现工后沉降,但大量实测数据表明,等补偿甚至超补偿基础往往在竣工后均出现沉降变形,南京地铁隧道基础便是典型实例。为此,探讨了深基础与浅基础间的异同点,并推导出考虑埋深的坑底土体应力计算方法;然后围绕基础的整个施工过程,详细分析了开挖卸荷和施工找平对基底变形的影响,发现找平过程中多挖了与隆起量体积相等的土体,而该缺失的土体将导致基础后期发生沉降变形。据此思路计算地铁隧道基础的变形量,并与工程实测数据进行对比,结果表明两者吻合较好,可为今后类似工程的分析提供参考。     

可液化土层对土⁃地下结构地震反应的振动台试验设计∗

液化区域与结构的相对位置和液化场地产生的大位移,对地下结构的动力响应存在很大的影响。基于此,采用振动台试验,针对目前地铁区间隧道建设中常见的单层双跨断面形式结构,开展了一系列振动台试验。系统阐述了本次大型振动台试验中方案设计相关内容,包括相似关系设计、地基土制备、结构模型制备、防水处理、试验测试技术与传感器布置、试验工况设置等,并对液化场地自由场工况的地基土地震反应进行分析。结果表明：本次系列试验设计方案可以形成较好的液化宏观试验现象;模型箱的边界效应较小;相同地震动峰值条件下 Kobe 波和北京人工波作用时,土体产生的剪切变形最大,名山波作用下土体产生的剪切变形最小。试验设计思路和前期试验结果可以为振动台后期试验的顺利展开做好准备工作。     

地震下悬浮隧道所受动水压力研究-SV波

一种新型的跨越海峡、湖泊的交通结构物——悬浮隧道日益受到世人的关注。本文基于位移势函数理论,将海底岩土看作半无限弹性体,海水看作理想流体,锚索看作刚性约束,推导了平面SV波从海底岩土斜入射到与海水的交界面时,受到刚度较大的锚索作用的刚性悬浮隧道所受到的动水压力的理论公式;分析了不同海底岩土参数与平面SV波的不同频率和方向对悬浮隧道所受的动水压力的影响。结果表明,除海底岩土密度外,海底岩土剪切模量、泊松比以及入射SV波的频率和方向对悬浮隧道所受的动水压力均有较大影响。     

Pilot study on road traffic emissions (PAHs,heavy metals) measured by using mosses in a tunnel experiment in Vienna,Austria

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: Over the last few years there has been extensive research for new indicators providing information about deposition resulting from road traffic and tunnel experiments received special attention in emission research. Mosses have been used for the estimation of atmospheric heavy metal and PAH depositions for more than three decades, although they were used only a few times for estimating ambient air pollution caused by traffic. In the current study, the suitability of using a moss species for monitoring road traffic emissions inside a tunnel was evaluated. This was a first-time ever attempt to use plants (mosses) as bioindicators in a tunnel experiment. Specifically, two relevant questions were examined: 1) Do mosses accumulate toxic substances derived from road traffic emissions under the extremely adverse conditions which can be found in a tunnel, and 2) Which substances can mainly be attributed to road traffic emissions and therefore be taken as efficient and reliable indicators for motor vehicles? METHODS: For the first time a biomonitor (the moss species Hylocomium splendens (Hedwig) B.S.G.) was used in a road tunnel experiment to analyse emissions from road traffic. Moss samples were exposed for four weeks in wooden frames (size 10 cm x 10 cm), covered by a thin plastic net with a mesh size of 1 cm x 1 cm. 17 elements, mainly heavy metals, and the 16 EPA-PAHs together with coronene were analysed by ICP-AES, AAS and GC-MSD. RESULTS: Enrichment factors, calculated by comparing post-experiment concentrations to those of a background site, were high for most PAHs, especially benzo(g,h,i)perylene (150.7), coronene (134.7), benzo(a)anthracene (125.0), indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (79.8), chrysene (78.1), pyrene (69.6) and benzo(b)-fluoranthene (67.4), and among the other elements for Sb (73.1), Mo (59.6), Cr (33.9), As (24.1), Cu (19.6), and Zn (17.1). All these substances can thus be taken as indicators for road traffic pollution. Concentrations were also significantly higher in the tunnel mosses for all investigated substances than along busy roads outside tunnels. Cluster analysis revealed groups of substances which could sensibly be attributed to various sources (abrasion processes, Diesel combustion) and enrichment in the various particle size classes. DISCUSSION: The extreme high concentrations in the analysed moss samples from inside the tunnel were due to higher concentrations in the ambient tunnel air, and the fact that already deposited chemical substances are not lost by rain, as well as efficient uptake capacities even under the extremely adverse conditions in a tunnel. In accordance with previous studies our results suggest that PAHs are better indicators for emissions from the burning process than heavy metals. CONCLUSIONS: As in open fields, mosses are suitable indicators for monitoring traffic emissions in tunnels. In addition to biomonitoring in open fields, in tunnel experiments mosses are even better indicators, because the confounding effects of other sources of pollution and the 'noise' in the accumulation process (e.g. washout through wet deposition) are minimised. The results of our study demonstrate the usefulness of mosses for surveying heavy metals and PAH emissions and deposition arising from road traffic sources, even under the extremely adverse conditions of the tunnel environment. RECOMMENDATION: It can be considered that biomonitors like mosses are a suitable alternative to technical particle filters inside tunnels. They are easy to handle, low in costs and valuable information regarding traffic emissions can be obtained. PERSPECTIVE: The results of this pilot-study proved the feasibility of the method, however, should be corroborated by further investigations based on a sample set that allows for generalization of the findings and might even include other moss species. A comparison of technical measurements with the biomonitoring method could lead to a more general acceptance of the results.     

输水隧道的减震措施研究

隔震技术是近几十年发展起来的新技术,对地面结构减震效果显著。本文运用Newmark隐式时间积分有限元法并采用粘-弹性人工边界,分析了在输水隧道施工中设置减震层和注浆加固一定范围内围岩这2种方法的减震效果、适用条件及其减震机理。计算结果表明:减震层或加固层的设置均使隧道衬砌应力减小,起到保护隧道衬砌的作用;在较大的范围内注浆加固围岩的办法,对软土中的输水隧道的减震更加有效,它能充分发挥围岩的承载能力;而在围岩与衬砌间设置减震层的办法,对稳定性极好的坚硬围岩中的输水隧道的减震效果更加有效。计算结果可为地震区的输水隧道抗震设计提供依据。     

半横向通风方式隧道内污染物分布的数值仿真

某城市公路隧道采用半横向通风方式进行火灾排烟,其排风孔位于隧道侧壁顶部.针对该城市公路隧道,运用CFD数值仿真方法建立1:1的三维数值仿真模型,模拟不同工况下,开启不同形状排风孔时,隧道内的风速、风压以及污染物浓度的分布情况.研究表明,排风孔所在位置的隧道横断面上,形成一个左侧区域负压较高、压强变化梯度大而右侧区域负压...     

双仓地下管廊抗震性能振动台试验研究∗

借助振动台试验系统,应用 El Centro 原始地震波和不同频率正弦波开展了双仓地下综合管廊的相似模拟试验研究,模型中地基土为标准砂。结果表明：管廊侧壁最大动土压力响应沿深度呈倒立“W”形分布,并且在振动过后,管廊结构与周围土体之间的土压力场发生了改变;管廊侧壁沿深度最大加速度响应呈减小趋势,而随输入峰值加速度的增大而增大,由加速度响应时程曲线对比来看,管廊结构与其周边土体的运动模式基本一致;地震过程中结构角部的拉应变响应比各侧边中点更加剧烈,且随输入峰值加速度增大而增大;在 15 Hz 正弦波作用下,场地和管廊结构组成的体系地震响应最显著,各测点之间的地震响应差异在此频率下也最为明显,反映出振动波频率特性对地下结构地震响应的影响规律。     

地铁振动下盾构隧道道床剥离病害演化规律研究∗

盾构隧道整体道床剥离病害是影响地铁行车稳定和运营安全的重要因素。为研究列车振动作用下剥离病害的演化规律,以成都地铁某区段为背景,使用有限元软件 ABAQUS 建立盾构隧道数值模型,根据地层情况、列车轴重及载客情况确定隧道结构受力,利用 DLOAD 子程序编写移动荷载实现列车动载模拟,分析列车动载作用下剥离的分布及发展规律,确定结构最薄弱位置。同时,设计剥离裂缝现场动态监测系统并用于实测,得到的实测结果与数值模拟规律一致。最后根据研究中涉及的影响因素提出了剥离病害的防治建议。研究结果表明：①列车动载作用初期的冲击荷载对道床剥离影响最大,随后在动载作用下,剥离量幅值会逐渐减小;②道床伸缩缝是结构最薄弱位置,列车动载作用引起伸缩缝处的剥离量最大;③提升道床?管片结构整体性可作为病害防治设计思路,如提升道床与管片间粘结面强度、增加锚固措施等,可减少剥离病害的发生。     

地震荷载作用下沉管地基砂垫层液化的可能性

以广州仑头—生物岛沉管隧道为背景,采用二维动力有限元模拟方法,分析了地震荷载作用下沉管隧道地基的动力响应,得到了地震荷载作用下地基土的动剪应力分布;通过对试验资料的分析,得到了沉管隧道地基砂垫层的抗液化剪应力,以此分析了沉管隧道地基土在地震荷载作用下的液化可能性,并提出了相应的抗液化措施,可供沉管隧道的抗震设计参考。     

基于多元线性回归原理的高海拔深埋隧道地应力反演分析∗

基于青藏高原东南地区某特长深埋隧道工程,建立了高精度的山体三维有限元模型。在横洞内钻取了岩芯试样,通过室内试验获得了岩石物理力学参数。采用水压致裂法测得该工程区的现今构造应力,测区现今主应力场以南西?北东向挤压为主。地应力数据转换角度后,通过多元线性回归的原理,得到构造应力的回归公式,回归公式和回归系数满足显著性检验。计算得到隧道工程区域的构造应力场,反演计算精度良好,计算结果符合实际隧道工程区域的构造特征。隧道轴线上的主应力分布规律表明：该隧道受到强烈的构造挤压作用,岩体内赋存较大的水平应力,最大水平主应力超过 62 MPa。为避让大断层而选择的隧道走向与最大水平主应力小角度相交,这将有利于隧道围岩的稳定。隧道埋深较浅的里程地应力特征为 S_H＞S_V、S_h,埋深较大的里程地应力特征为 S_H＞S_V＞ S_h。从应力角度初步统计出该特长深埋隧道的岩爆灾害等级,该特长深埋隧道全线路发生岩爆灾害的概率较大。