坡度对跨座式单轨隧道临界风速的影响

为研究不同坡度隧道在大功率火源情况下的烟气运动,采用1:20的缩尺隧道模型,通过试验对不同坡度情况下(-6％,-3％,0％,3％,6％)的大火源功率火灾(20,50 MW)时的隧道纵向通风临界风速进行研究.结果表明:0％坡度时,20 MW和50 MW的临界风速相差不大;有坡度时,逆坡送风的临界风速大于顺坡送风的临界风速...     

The sources of the Kuznets relationship between the road deaths to road injuries ratio and economic growth

Introduction: Past empirical studies indicated that there is a Kuznets or reverse U-shaped relationship between road deaths and per capita income, such that the number of road death increases at a low level of per capita reverse U-shaped relationship was observed between road injuries and per capita income. While these studies explored the impact of per capita income on road deaths and road injuries, no studies have examined the relationship between per capita income and road death to road injury ratio (DPI). Method: Using a fixed effects panel regression analysis from 67 countries spanning over a period of five decades (1960–2013), the present study sought to explore the impact of per capita gross domestic product (per capita GDP) on the DPI ratio and the underlying factors responsible for the relationship. Results: Our result suggests that per capita GDP followed a reverse U-shaped relationship with DPI. Moreover, the relative improvements in higher mobility roads as compared to improvements in higher accessibility roads, motorcycle ownership to passenger car ownership ratio, percentage of population living in an urban area, infant mortality rate, and the percentage of population below 15 years of age and above 64 years of age contributed to this relationship. Practical Applications: This implies that, at lower level of economic growth where road deaths exceed road injuries, countries should implement low-cost measures to combat road deaths cases. Such measures include mandating wearing of quality helmets and daytime running headlights for motorcycles. On the other hand, at higher level of economic growth where road injuries surpass road deaths, countries are encouraged to devote more resources to improving medical technology and services to treat road injury victims, mandating seatbelt use, as well as enhancing and promoting public transportation service.     

“Like it’s wrong,but it’s not that wrong:” Exploring the normalization of risk-compensatory strategies among young drivers engaging in illegal smartphone use

Introduction: Young drivers are the most vulnerable road users and most likely to use a smartphone illegally while driving. Although when compared with drink-driving, attitudes to illegal smartphone risk are nearly identical, smartphone use among young drivers continues to increase. Method: Four in-depth focus groups were conducted with 13 young (18–25 years) drivers to gain insight into their perceptions of the risks associated with the behavior. Our aim was to determine how drivers navigate that risk and if their behavior shapes and informs perceptions of norms. Results: Three key themes emerged: (a) participants perceived illegal smartphone use as commonplace, easy, and benign; (b) self-regulatory behaviors that compensate for risk are pervasive among illegal smartphone users; and (c) risk-compensation strategies rationalize risks and perceived norms, reducing the seriousness of transgression when compared with drink-driving. Young drivers rationalized their own use by comparing their selfregulatory smartphone and driving skills with those of “bad drivers,” not law abiders. Practical Applications: These findings suggest that smartphone behaviors shape attitudes to risk, highlighting the importance for any countermeasure aimed at reducing illegal use to acknowledge how a young person’s continued engagement in illegal smartphone use is justified by the dynamic composition of use, risk assessment and the perceived norms.     

高压输水隧洞帷幕体防渗性能的数值模拟*

为研究高压输水隧洞帷幕体防渗性能,建立基于渗流场、化学场及帷幕体微观结构等多物理场耦合的数值模型,采用FEM数值法求解并结合工程监测数据对模型进行验证。结果表明:帷幕体在高水头30 a长期侵蚀与溶解作用下,内部Ca2+不断析出,帷幕体溶蚀程度最深处孔隙率较初始孔隙率增加29.38%,渗透系数增大1.95倍,抗渗性和耐久持续衰减;帷幕体溶蚀具有时空变异特性,帷幕体与高压岔管接触部位溶蚀面积最大,其次为底部,顶部几乎未发生溶蚀现象。研究结果可为监测高压输水隧洞帷幕体防渗性能变化及定制专项防渗方案提供参考。     

矿山井巷模型快速构建与突水避灾三维动态仿真

为准确规划人员最优避灾路径,以矿井现场实测数据为基础,联合Python与Blender快速生成矿山三维井巷模型,建立基于时空动态性的突水漫延仿真平台;综合考虑不同因素对巷道通行状况的影响,建立一种支持从源节点至多目标节点的前N条最优避灾路径搜索方法;调用Blender时间线功能,建立人员避灾逃生演示模型;以山东某矿为工...     

改进系统布置设计的山岭隧道施工场地安全布局

为提高山岭隧道施工场地安全布局水平,以牛栾村隧道施工场地为例,提出一种改进的系统布置设计(SLP)法,布设混凝土拌合站、机械库房、水泥库等13个单元场地,将该方法与贝叶斯网络模型结合,通过对比建筑施工场地布置影响因素,确定山岭隧道施工场地布置的重要因素权重和布设单位间的综合相互关系,形成2种场地布置优化方案,并通过建立数学模型,以安全水平强度、材料流动强度和运输时间为目标函数,结合因素加权法对比优化方案与原方案,确定相对最优场地布置方案。结果表明:改进SLP法得出的最优场地布局方案相比于原方案,改动区域较小,且在安全水平强度、材料流动强度和运输时间上提高12.30%。该方法有助于提高山岭隧道施工效率,增强施工场地安全水平。     

Driver-training and emergency brake performance in cars with antilock braking systems

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a two-day post-license driver-training program on brake performance in cars with antilock braking systems (ABS). A trainee group (n = 26) and a control group (n = 13) participated in the experiment. The trainee group were enrolled in a two-day training course that included instruction in a braking technique that may be used in cars with and without ABS. All participants performed emergency brake tests from 80 and 100 km h⁻¹ in an instrumented car before and after the training period. Results indicated the post-training group used a smoother braking profile, were less reliant on ABS activation, had enhanced postural stability, but took about one car length longer to stop from 100 km h⁻¹ compared with the control group. Implications of these results for braking in cars with and without ABS, and for driver education programs in general are discussed.     

Air emissions from pavement layers composed of varying rates of reclaimed asphalt

An experimental study of road building and recycling of used pavement has been conducted within the framework of a Life Cycle Analysis. Four equivalent asphalt concretes made with different recycling rates have been investigated during road construction. Airborne emissions, pollutant release over time and odor production related to asphalt laying have all been determined and compared among the various recycling rates. All of the results (VOC, PAH and odors), expressed in terms of concentrations and fluxes, exhibit quite monotonic variations with respect to the recycling rate. These results, however, did not reveal the same trend as a function of the recycling rate (increases or decreases), depending on the selected target parameter (VOC or PAH). Indicators have been proposed for a discussion of results that take into account: (i) raw material emissions with respect to the reference defined in the case of pavement without reclaimed asphalt; and (ii) emissions in each case from all material production sources.     

大断面高铁隧道掘进爆破振动传播规律研究*

为研究隧道爆破掘进振动规律并合理控制爆破振动危害,对京张高铁大断面南口隧道爆破掘进过程进行实时监测,并对监测结果进行线性回归分析,求得3个监测方向的场地系数K和衰减系数α值以及爆破振动峰值速度衰减回归方程,通过FFT法计算出主振频率和爆破振动波的振动频率范围,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对爆破工程进行数值模拟。结果表明:喷锚支护和监测方向对爆破振动衰减回归分析影响较大;主振频率和爆破振动波的振动频率分布范围为50~300 Hz,无需考虑周边建筑共振情况,与周边古建筑和临近隧道的最小安全距离分别为147 m和12 m;数值模拟与实际结果对比发现二者振动峰值略有差别但整体趋势基本相同,证明建立模型的有效性。     

共同管沟深基坑现场变形监测与数值模拟分析

为了分析共同管沟深基坑边坡的变形规律及其对邻近建筑物的影响作用,以三星深基坑工程为例,采用数值模拟分析并进行现场变形监测验证。结果表明:降水措施对深基坑开挖引起的水平位移作用不大,而对竖向位移作用较大;随着深基坑开挖深度的不断加大,边坡土体的水平位移和竖向位移总体呈现增大的趋势,最大水平位移值表现为从坡脚向坡脚上方移动;原地下水位线以上所开挖边坡的最大竖向位移都发生在坡脚处,采用降水措施后,原地下水位线以下所开挖边坡的最大竖向位移出现在原地下水位附近。现场变形监测与数值模拟计算结果吻合度较高,说明土体参数的选取合理。研究成果可提升城市共同管沟深基坑建设安全设计及施工水平、降低工程风险损失。