基于FAD的铝合金车体焊接缺陷安全性评价方法研究

目的确保高速列车运行安全,采用先进的方法和理论对焊接缺陷进行评定显得非常重要。方法采用断裂力学和有限元相结合的方法,建立车体全比例有限元模型。采用热弹塑性法对焊接残余应力进行有限元数值仿真。基于标准BS 7910提供的焊接缺陷评价方法,对焊接缺陷进行安全性评定。结果对车体带焊缝的有限元模型,依据BS EN12663标准施加车体所承受的载荷,获取焊缝关注点的应力转化所得到一次应力。根据关注点信息建立所在焊缝处的接头模型进行热弹塑性仿真模拟,从而获取该关注点残余应力数值及分布转化所得到二次应力。将焊接缺陷进行裂纹当量化,从而计算得到载荷比与应力强度因子比值,结合许用FAD曲线,对高速列车铝合金车体上焊缝关注点进行安全性评价。结论该方法对车体这种大型复杂焊接结构的安全性进行评价是可行的,并对焊接缺陷是否合于使用提出质量控制的建议。     

Assessment of the effect of welding fumes on welders’ cognitive failure and health-related quality of life

Introduction. This study examined whether cognitive symptoms and health-related quality of life can be affected by welding fume exposure. Method. Participants consisted of welders (n?=?40) and welder assistants (n?=?25) from welding units as the exposed group, and office workers (n?=?44) as the non-exposed group. All participants were studied using ambient air monitoring and two types of questionnaires: the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results. Welders and welder assistants were exposed to higher concentrations of all airborne metals than office employees, except for aluminum and chromium (p?p?M (SD)?=?54.84 (17.88)). The relationships between total CFQ score and the measured concentration of nickel at peak work rate was significant for welders. Conclusion. Cognitive symptoms and health-related quality of life were not related to the measures of welding fume exposure and further research should be performed to find other influencing factors.     

圆柱形容器环缝错边的安全性评价

环焊缝就是一锥形环,可以建立其数学模型,进而证明了焊缝错边缺陷是可以修复的。通过应力计算分析和实验验证可以得出:当b/s较小(b/s<0.2)时,错边可以用磨削方法进行修复;当b/s较大时,可用堆焊方法进行修复,且堆焊宽度H不超过100mm。同时,在控制应力水平不超过1.5[σ]时,错边量和角变形量的和可以允许在不超过0.7s的范围内。研究及安全性评价表明ASME,GB150等标准对环焊缝的控制过于严格,也给压力容器制造企业增加了成本。因此,建议GB150放宽对B类焊缝错边量的控制要求。     

危险点分析预控理论在锅炉设备中的应用

危险点分析预控理论,是电力职工从反事故的实践中摸索出来的新方法.将其应用于火力发电厂的安全工作中,使电厂工作人员通过分析危险而认识危险.分别对锅炉运行中的锅炉制粉系统和锅炉检修中的焊接作业进行危险点分析,提出了控制措施.     

自动变光焊接滤光片关键性能指标研究

焊接防护对作业者的职业健康安全及产品质量至关重要,自动焊接防护产品随技术进步开始得到广泛应用,关键器件为自动变光焊接滤光片,衡量其防护性能的关键技术指标为响应时间。本文对自动变光焊接滤光片的防护原理,关键技术指标——响应时间,影响响应时间的因素进行了研究。     

电弧焊触电事故原因分析

在总结生产实践中关于电弧焊作业在人身安全方面的经验和教训的基础上,归纳出重点针对工矿企业和野外作业的十种主要的触电事故因素,分别为：电焊机机壳漏电触电、人体触及电源触电、二次侧异常电压触电、特殊作业点触电、电焊机空载电压触电、不规范焊接回路触电、电焊机误接高电压电源触电、特殊焊接对象焊前处理不当触电、个人防范欠缺触电、安全管理措施落实不到位触电,对其逐一地进行了分析探讨。     

国家标准GB 30188-2013《电焊条生产行业防尘防毒技术规程》解读

本文主要介绍了国家标准GB 30188-2013的意义、适用范围和内容,重点强调了电焊条生产行业有害物质及其对人体的健康危害,以及工程防治技术,为我国电焊条生产行业及其相关领域人员使用标准提供帮助。     

A state of the science review of the potential health hazards associated with asbestos in shielded metal arc welding rods in the United States

Due to its unique chemical properties, chrysotile asbestos was historically incorporated into a wide variety of products, including the outer covering, or “flux” of certain classifications of general arc mild steel welding electrodes. The purpose of this analysis is to review the historical engineering, toxicology, regulatory, and epidemiology information relevant to asbestos in mild steel welding rods in order to assess whether mild steel welders are at increased risk of developing asbestos-related diseases as a result of welding rod use. We divided our analysis into four distinct time periods, based on what we perceived to be seminal events in welding technology or in the evolution of knowledge regarding asbestos and asbestos-related diseases. These time periods are as follows: late 1800s to 1929, 1930–1955, 1956–1970, and 1971–2006. We found that studies that attempted to measure airborne asbestos directly in welding rod fumes found no measurable fibers; this is likely due to the fact that the fibers degrade at high temperatures present in the welding arc. In addition, “worst-case” use simulation studies, specifically intended to generate airborne flux particles, reported that airborne asbestos concentrations were either undetectable or very low. The airborne concentrations generated were always below the current OSHA permissible exposure limit (0.1 f/cc TWA), and the lifetime doses associated with “worst-case” use were found to be far below the plausible thresholds for mesothelioma and lung cancer. The epidemiology of mild steel welders is difficult to interpret due to confounding exposures such as (1) possible exposure to nickel and hexavalent chromium in stainless steel welding fumes (lung cancer), (2) smoking (lung cancer), and (3) bystander exposure to amphibole asbestos (lung cancer and mesothelioma). None of the published welder studies controlled for all three factors, yet when any single source of bias was controlled for, the majority of the studies reported no significant risk in either asbestos-related disease. Furthermore, none of the investigators in any of the welder studies suggested that asbestos in welding rods might be a risk factor for lung cancer or mesothelioma, and there is not a single case report in the medical literature that attempts to link welding rod use to an asbestos-related disease. We conclude that the weight of evidence indicates that welders were not historically at risk of developing asbestos-related diseases as a result of welding rod use.     

双金属衬里复合管堆焊及对接焊有限元力学分析*

为研究双金属衬里复合管堆焊及对接焊焊接后焊接处应力变化,针对Φ89(8+2) mm尺寸衬里复合管,基于热-力耦合理论,建立瞬态热-固耦合管端堆焊与对接焊V型槽环焊缝轴对称力学模型。探讨衬里复合管堆焊及对接焊过程中整个焊肉及热影响区的应力变化并对应力区进行完整、详细分析。结果表明:衬里复合管焊接完成后焊区产生较高的残余应力,最高达463.47 MPa;热处理工艺消除了90%的残余应力,然而投入使用的复合管仍然存在3个高应力区:对接焊焊肉内、过渡区中靠近对接焊焊肉的基管上及2次堆焊起始点,其中应力最大的位置在2次堆焊的起始点,最高达46.63 MPa。建立的模型和计算结果可为实际工况下衬里复合管焊接部位的力学性质研究提供参考。     

分光光度计测量遮光号方法的研究——自动变光焊接滤光镜遮光号的测量

本文对自动变光焊接滤光镜的遮光号测量方法进行了研究,指出测量中要将分光光度计光源的偏振性与自动变光焊接滤光镜的偏振性结合考虑,并采用合理的方法、步骤及相应的数据处理程序。得到正确的测量结果,同时分析了分光光度计在自动变光焊接滤光镜多项指标测量中的局限性和重要作用。