Phytoremediation trials on metal- and arsenic-contaminated pyrite wastes (Torviscosa, Italy)

At a site in Udine, Italy, a 0.7 m layer of As, Co, Cu, Pb and Zn contaminated wastes derived from mineral roasting for sulphur extraction had been covered with an unpolluted 0.15 m layer of gravelly soil. This study investigates whether woody biomass phytoremediation is a realistic management option. Comparing ploughing and subsoiling (0.35 m depth), the growth of Populus and Salix and trace element uptake were investigated in both pot and field trials. Species differences were marginal and species selection was not critical. Impaired above-ground productivity and low translocation of trace elements showed that bioavailable contaminant stripping was not feasible. The most significant finding was of coarse and fine roots proliferation in surface layers that provided a significant sink for trace elements. We conclude that phytostabilisation and effective immobilisation of metals and As could be achieved at the site by soil amelioration combined with woody species establishment. Confidence to achieve a long-term and sustainable remediation requires a more complete quantification of root dynamics and a better understanding of rhizosphere processes.     

Effects of sub-lethal glyphosate concentrations on growth and photosynthetic performance of non-target species Bolboschoenus maritimus

Glyphosate use has increased over the last decades for the control of invasive plant species in wetland ecosystems. Although glyphosate has been considered ‘environmentally’ safe, its repeated use could increase the toxicological risk derived from diffuse pollution of surface and groundwater on non-target vegetation. A glasshouse study was designed to determine the effect produced by the addition of different sub-lethal doses of glyphosate herbicides (5–30 mg L⁻¹) to the nutrient solution on the growth and photosynthetic apparatus of Bolboschoenus maritimus. Although B. maritimus plants were able to grow and survive after 20 d of exposure to glyphosate, the presence of this herbicide affected their growth, through a direct interaction with the root system. Particularly, at 30 mg L⁻¹ glyphosate, B. maritimus showed ca. 30% of biomass decrease. The reduction in B. maritimus growth was due to a decrease in net photosynthetic rate (A), which ranged between values ca. 11.5 and 5.5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ CO₂ for the control and the highest glyphosate treatment, respectively. The response of A to glyphosate could be largely accounted for by non-stomatal limitations, since stomatal conductance was similar in all glyphosate treatments. Thus, A decrease was prompted by the negative impact of herbicide on photochemical (PSII) apparatus, the reduction in the absorption of essential nutrients, the reduction of photosynthetic pigments and possibly the reduction in Rubisco carboxilation capacity. Moreover, glyphosate excess caused photoinhibitory damage. In conclusion, in this study we have shown that herbicide water pollution could be a source of indirect phytotoxicity for B. maritimus.     

Effects of root anatomy and Fe plaque on arsenic uptake by rice seedlings grown in solution culture

Hydroponic experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of root anatomy, induced by aeration and stagnation, and Fe plaque on arsenic (III&V) uptake and translocation by rice plants. The results showed that As uptake in rice plants (Gui Chao-2) treated by aeration was decreased due to lower root specific surface area. Rice roots with larger specific surface area tended to form more Fe plaque, and Fe plaque affected As uptake kinetics by changing As influx curves from linear to hyperbolic for As(III) and from hyperbolic to S-curve for As(V). Fe plaque increased As(III&V) adsorption and minimized the effects of root anatomy characteristics on As uptake into roots and subsequently translocation to shoots. Fe plaque increased As(III) uptake rate at As(III) concentrations of 0.5∼8 mg L⁻¹, reduced As(V) uptake rate at low As(V) concentrations (<2 mg L⁻¹), but increased As uptake rate at high As(V) concentrations (>6 mg L⁻¹).     

模拟及实际根系分泌物对芘污染土壤微生物群落的影响

为了解根系分泌物对芘污染土壤中微生物群落的影响,应用Illumina NovaSeq高通量测序技术,研究了模拟根系分泌物和实际黑麦草根系分泌物添加至芘污染土壤后,细菌群落组成、α和β多样性以及基因功能的变化.结果 表明,根系分泌物未明显改变芘污染土壤细菌群落的组成,土壤细菌群落中主要优势菌门为变形菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌...     

根际环境的调节与重金属污染土壤的修复

根际环境的pH和Eh会产生影响土壤中重金属的化学过程。pH的变化影响到重金属的固定和活化，根际的酸化能够活化大多数重金属，使其毒性增强；反之，则固定大多数重金属，减轻其毒性。Eh的变化可改变重金属的价态和存在形态，使其毒性减弱或增强。根分泌物可从多方面影响金属的毒性和有效性，如改变根际环境的pH值和Eh来改变金属的存在形态和活度；与金属络合或者吸附、包埋金属污染物；通过影响根际微生物特征来改变金属的毒性。根际环境中微生物能改变金属离子存在形态，其代谢产物能对金属离子产生沉淀、螯合等作用。土壤脲酶对重金属污染最敏感，可以用于监测土壤重金属污染。调控根际环境，可以有效地调节土壤中重金属污染物的活度、毒性及其转移，对重金属污染土壤起到修复作用。     

3种湿地植物在水培条件下的生长状况及根系分泌物研究

湿地植物是人工湿地的核心部分,其根系分泌物是人工湿地的主要内部碳源.本研究分析了美人蕉、茭白、水柳等3种湿地植物在水培条件下的生长状况和根系分泌物特性.本实验条件下美人蕉、茭白、水柳在120 d的平均生物量/初始生物量分别为9.1、 3.7和4.7.植物根系分泌物的量与生物量正相关,分泌能力随生物量的增加而降低,生长期内,水柳的平均分泌能力为0.92 mg·(g·d)^-1,美人蕉为0.47 mg·(g·d)^-1,茭白为0.43 mg·(g·d)^-1.通过三维荧光光谱分析,3种植物的根系分泌物均以小分子有机酸和芳香族蛋白质为主.本研究表明,美人蕉、水柳为适宜的湿地植物.     

凤眼莲不同部位对重金属的吸收、吸附作用研究

以绥宁河为例，通过研究凤眼莲各部位对重金属的吸收和吸附作用。探讨水生植物对改善城市内河水环境的重要性。实验数据表明。在凤眼莲对重金属的富集作用中，根部的贡献远大于茎叶部，根部对重金属的吸收量是茎叶部的几十至几百倍。此外，根部吸附作用对水环境中重金属的去除也起了相当重要的作用。     

四环素与镉复合污染对水稻根系的影响

为阐明抗生素与重金属复合污染对水稻根系的影响机制,考察了四环素(TC)与镉(Cd)单一和复合污染条件下,水培分蘖期水稻根系生长、污染物积累和根系分泌物的变化特征.结果表明:TC与Cd单一处理时,根部生物量和叶绿素含量下降,表现出毒害作用,低剂量的TC与Cd共同作用能够缓解其毒性效应;TC与Cd单一/复合污染均使根的伸长...     

2种菜心根系分泌物低分子有机酸组成特征及对土壤邻苯二甲酸正二丁酯解吸的影响

为探究邻苯二甲酸正二丁酯 (DBP) 高/低累积型菜心对DBP吸收累积差异的机理,采用溶液培养和室内批量实验方法,对比研究DBP污染下DBP高/低累积型菜心根系分泌物中低分子有机酸组成特征及其对土壤DBP解吸的影响。研究结果表明,2种菜心根系分泌物中均检测出甲酸、乙酸、草酸和苹果酸,其中草酸和苹果酸为2种菜心根系分泌物中主要的低分子有机酸,其在2种菜心根系分泌物中的质量浓度分别为1.56~9.28和1.06~15.38 mg·L⁻¹。总体来看,特青根系分泌物中低分子有机酸的质量浓度低于油青。添加2种菜心根系分泌物土壤DBP的解吸率分别为45.8%~81.1% (油青) 和34.0%~52.5% (特青) ,显著高于添加蒸馏水处理 (17.0%) ,特青根系分泌物对土壤DBP的解吸率显著低于油青。相关性分析表明,2种菜心根系分泌物对土壤DBP的解吸程度与其草酸或苹果酸质量浓度相关性较弱 (r<0.146,P>0.05) ,这说明低分子有机酸不是2种菜心根系分泌促进土壤DBP解吸作用的主要因素。本研究结果可为DBP低累积作物品种的筛选提供参考。     

Effect of water-driven changes in rice rhizosphere on Cd lability in three soils with different pH

Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of water management,namely continuous flooding(CF),intermittent flooding(IF) and non-flooding(NF),on Cd phytoavailaility in three paddy soils that differed in p H and in Cd concentrations.Diffusive gradients in thin films(DGT) technique was employed to monitor soil labile Cd and Fe concentrations simultaneously at three growth stages(tillering,heading and mature stage)of rice.The Cd phytoavailability were generally in the order of NF > IF ...