不同浓度植物根系分泌物微生态效应研究

探讨夹竹桃(Nerium oleander)根系分泌物对土壤微生物量碳、呼吸强度等微生物学特征及土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,深入揭示夹竹桃根系分泌物的微生态效应,通过向土壤中添加植物根系分泌物溶液的方法,研究了不同浓度(CK,15 mL去离子水作为对照;LC,5 mL分泌物+10 mL去离子水;MC,10 mL分泌...     

根分泌物与微生物对污染土壤重金属活性的影响

研究了铜富集植物海州香薷(Elsholtziasplendens)和鸭跖草(Commelinacommunis)根分泌物,以及假单胞菌(P.aeruginosaZD4-3)和白腐真菌(P.Chrysosprim)对污染土壤重金属活性的影响.结果表明,海州香薷和鸭跖草根分泌物对污染土壤中Cu有一定的活化能力,不同处理间差异不大,鸭跖草根分泌物对Cu的活化能力大于海州香薷.不同处理根分泌物中有机酸种类或含量有所差异,但主要以草酸和出峰时间为6.5min左右的未知有机酸为主.假单胞菌对污染土壤Cu、Pb和Zn有很强的活化作用;白腐真菌对Cu、Zn有活化作用,对Pb则表现为固定作用,海州香薷根分泌物降低了供试假单胞菌对重金属的活化效果,但增加了白腐真菌对重金属的活化效果.     

Lysimeter Soil Retriever (LSR)—An Application of a New Technique for Retrieving Soils from Lysimeters

In Europe more than 2,500 lysimeters operated by research institutes and industry (Lanthaler 2005). Originally lysimeters were built for investigations of soil water and solutes, nutrient leaching and pesticide degradation (see e.g. Winton and Weber 1996). Currently lysimeters additionally used as a tool for investigations on biological processes, and structural changes of plants, including root distribution, and enzyme activities etc. (see e.g. Dizer et al. 2002; Schloter et al. 2005).     

植物根系分泌物与根际营养关系评述

根系分泌物（ｒｏｏｔ ｅｘｕｄａｔｅｓ, ＲＥ）主要有粘胶、外酶、有机酸、糖、酚及各种氨基酸。不同营养基因型的植物, ＲＥ组分明显不同。存在养分和环境胁迫时,植物通过增加粘胶、酶及某些有机酸的分泌量以适应变化的环境。ＲＥ也是植物改善根际营养环境的重要手段。ＲＥ可改善土壤物理结构,促进矿物风化,提高土壤ＣＥＣ,影响土壤ｐＨ、土壤矿物表面吸附性能及土壤生物学性质。ＲＥ还在活化根际土壤养分,促进植物对养分吸收起主要作用。今后ＲＥ的研究应注重ＲＥ研究方法的完善,拓展研究领域,并加强与各学科的联合。     

植物根系分泌物分析及对湿地微生物群落的影响研究

植物是人工湿地的重要组成部分,其通过根系分泌物对湿地中的微生物群落结构产生影响。本研究分析了美人蕉（Canna indica）、茭白（Zizania caduciflora）、千屈菜（Lythrum salicaria Linn）等3种湿地植物的根系分泌能力及分泌物组成。3种植物的根系分泌物主要组成物质相似,均含有小分子有机酸、酚类、芳香族蛋白质,但各组成比例有所差异。分泌能力则随生长周期持续下降,千屈菜的分泌能力远强于美人蕉和茭白。本研究利用醌指纹研究人工湿地中微生物群落结构,结果发现不同湿地植物对湿地中微生物的组成和多样性产生显著影响。     

Building urban gas process safety management (UG-PSM) system: Based on root cause analysis with 160 urban gas accidents in China

Urban safety is significantly impacted by the complexity of urban gas accidents. Although China has put forward the goal of “zero fatalities in accidents” for urban gas, unfortunately, the root causes of the unsound safety culture and imperfect safety management system of urban gas enterprises remain unresolved. Therefore, statistical analysis and 24Model analysis of 160 urban gas accidents in mainland China were performed to investigate the proximate causes of the accidents and the current situation of urban gas safety. The CCPS's risk-based process safety elements were used to identify potential deficiencies in the current urban gas process safety management (UG-PSM). During the analysis, it was observed that insufficient implementation of concealed danger investigation and rectification accounted for 76%, which is the primary proximate cause of urban gas accidents. Stakeholder outreach is the most under-represented competency in urban gas safety management. Based on the results, a novel framework for the UG-PSM system was constructed, and the theory of urban gas safety management was further improved. Furthermore, we evaluated the matching degree between UG-PSM elements and the existing measures of the government, urban gas associations, third-party organizations, and urban gas enterprises. Finally, we analyzed the feasibility, challenges, and development directions of the UG-PSM system. This study establishes a foundation for researchers and practitioners in the future research and practice of urban gas process safety and provides theoretical guidance for preventing high-incidence accidents of urban gas in China.     

Root causes of hydrocarbon leaks on offshore petroleum installations

Hydrocarbon leaks on offshore installations may result in severe consequences to personnel, to the environment and to assets. In order to prevent such leaks, it is crucial to understand their root causes. The objective of this paper is to study the circumstances of hydrocarbon leaks on the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS). In the study, all reported hydrocarbon leaks from process inventories on all offshore installations on the NCS, with an initial leak rate higher than 0.1 kg/s in the period 2008–2014, have been considered. This includes 78 hydrocarbon leaks, of which about 60% have occurred during manual intervention on normally pressurized systems. The dominating activity when leaks occur is preventive maintenance. A significant fraction of the leaks occur during the preparation for maintenance; such a preparation is typically carried out during the night shift. About half of the leaks are associated with wellhead area and manifolds, separation and compression systems. A substantial fraction of the leaks can be associated with verification faults, dominated by the failure to comply with procedural requirements that are needed to carry out independent verification.     

Dissolution of different zinc salts and Zn uptake by Sedum alfredii and maize in mono- and co-cropping under hydroponic culture

Previous soil pot and field experiments demonstrated that co-cropping the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii with maize increased Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii and decreased Zn uptake by maize shoots. This hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate whether the facilitation of Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii resulted from improved dissolution in this co-cropping system and its relation to root exudates. S. alfredii and maize were mono-and co-cropped (without a root barrier) in nutrient solution spiked with four Zn compounds, ZnS, ZnO, Zn3(PO4)2 and 5ZnO·2CO3·4H2O (represented as ZnCO3 ) at 1000 mg/L Zn for 15 days without renewal of nutrient solution after pre-culture. The root exudates were collected under incomplete sterilization and analyzed. The results indicated that the difference in Zn salts had a greater influence on the Zn concentration in maize than for S. alfredii, varying from 210-2603 mg/kg for maize shoots and 6445-12476 mg/kg for S. alfredii in the same order: ZnCO3 > ZnO >Zn3(PO4)2 > ZnS. For the four kinds of Zn sources in this experiment, co-cropping with maize did not improve Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii. In most cases, compared to co-cropped and mono-cropped maize, mono-cropped S. alfredii resulted in the highest Zn2+ concentration in the remaining nutrient solution, and also had a higher total concentration of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) and lower pH of root exudation. Root exudates did partly influence Zn hyperaccumulation in S. alfredii.     

Radiocaesium accumulation in stemwood: integrated approach at the scale of forest stands for contaminated Scots pine in Belarus

Twenty years after the Chernobyl accident, root uptake from the surface layers of contaminated forest soils plays a major role in radiocaesium ((137)Cs) transfer to the trees and accumulation in perennial compartments, including stemwood. Trustworthy long-term predictions (modelling) of stemwood contamination with (137)Cs should accordingly be based on a reliable picture of this source-sink relationship. Considering the complexity of the processes involved in (137)Cs cycling in forest stands, elementary ratios like transfer factors (TF) were shown to be not very relevant for that purpose. At the tree level, alternatives like the wood immobilisation potential (WIP) have therefore been proposed in order to quantify the current net (137)Cs accumulation in stemwood. Our objective was here to compare WIP values determined for a series of contaminated forest stands in Belarus with the corresponding pools of (137)Cs available in the soil for root uptake. The comparison reveals that both indices are quite proportional, whatever the forest ecosystem features. This corroborates the relevancy of WIP as an indicator of the current (137)Cs root uptake by the trees, which could accordingly help to improve the existing models of (137)Cs cycling and the long-term management of contaminated forest ecosystems.     

Promotion mechanism of self-transmissible degradative plasmid transfer in maize rhizosphere and its application in naphthalene degradation in soil

Rhizospheres can promote self-transmissible plasmid transfer, however, the corresponding mechanism has not received much attention. Plant-microbe remediation is an effective way to promote pollutant biodegradation; however, some pollutants, such as naphthalene, are harmful to plants and result in inefficient plant-microbe remediation. In this study, transfer of a TOL-like plasmid, a self-transmissible plasmid loaded with genetic determinants for pollutant degradation, among different bacteria was examined in bulk and rhizosphere soils as well as addition of maize root exudate and its artificial root exudate (ARE). The results showed that the numbers of transconjugants and recipients as well as bacterial metabolic activities, such as xylE mRNA expression levels and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) activities of bacteria, remained high in rhizosphere soils, when compared with bulk soils. The number of transconjugants and bacterial metabolic activities increased with the increasing exudate and ARE concentrations, whereas the populations of donor and recipient bacteria were substantially unaltered at all concentrations. All the experiments consistently showed that a certain number of bacteria is required for self-transmissible plasmid transfer, and that the increased plasmid transfer might predominantly be owing to bacterial metabolic activity stimulated by root exudates and ARE. Furthermore, ARE addition increased naphthalene degradation by transconjugants in both culture medium and soil. Thus, the combined action of a wide variety of components in ARE might contribute to the increased plasmid transfer and naphthalene degradation. These findings suggest that ARE could be an effectively alternative for plant-microbe remediation of pollutants in environments where plants cannot survive.