Specific association of 36Cl with low molecular weight humic substances in soils

Soils initially contaminated with ³⁶Cl in the chloride form were subjected to solid–liquid extractions using a variety of reagents including deionised water and 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH). 1 M NaOH was found to result in the greatest recovery of ³⁶Cl from the soils, a result which provided initial evidence that radioactive chlorine became attached to humic substances present naturally within the soils. Deionised water and 1 M NaOH extracts were subjected to analysis involving separation by gel filtration chromatography (GFC). It was found that ³⁶Cl in 1 M NaOH extracts associated preferentially with low molecular weight (LMW) fractions of humic substances whereas, in deionised water extracts, ³⁶Cl appeared to be present exclusively in the chloride form. Previous literature evidence, mainly from highly organic forest soils, suggests that conversion of stable chlorine from chloride to organic forms can occur as a result of biological action. The present paper also presents good evidence for the specific attachment of stable chlorine (³⁷Cl) to a LMW humic fraction, again demonstrated using GFC separation. Current risk assessments of the deep geological disposal of solid radioactive wastes containing ³⁶Cl typically assume a very low degree of sorption based on the notion that the predominant environmental species of radiochlorine is chloride. This paper concludes with a brief discussion on the implications of organochlorine formation in the biosphere for assessment of the radiological impact of deep geological disposal of solid radioactive wastes.     

粒状滤料过滤技术发展与应用的探讨

粒状滤料过滤技术广泛用于废水的深度处理.过滤技术使用后,快滤池技术发展迅速.随着多种滤料的开发,深层过滤技术得到发展,直接过滤工艺应运而生.反冲洗是快滤池的一项关键技术,气水联合反冲洗对滤料过滤能力的再生效果优于单水反冲洗.滤料过滤存在跑料、料层板结等问题,在工程实践中逐步得到改进.     

Safety with access scaffolds: development of a prototype decision aid based on accident analysis

PROBLEM: Accidents involving temporary access systems, particularly temporary scaffolds, account for a large proportion of injuries in the construction industry worldwide. METHOD: This paper outlines the development of a prototype decision aid (SCAFPASS, an abbreviation for Scaffold Planning Aid for System Safety) to promote access scaffold safety. It was guided by an examination of the root-causes and management deficiencies apparent in: (a) paper-based files of 186 access-related incidents held by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in the UK; and (b) computer-based files of 2,910 incidents appearing in the HSE database between 1997 to 2000. RESULTS: The more frequent root-causes included the fitting of defective components, unauthorized modification of the structure, omission of barriers, and errors resulting in simple, readily detectable structural faults. Common managerial deficiencies included failure to control risk, unsafe methods and procedures, and inadequate training and supervision. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: SCAFPASS aims to avoid these root-causes by improving safety management from the outset and throughout all phases of a project.     

无菌型小型饮水机试验研究

随着生活水平的提高,越来越多的家庭和办公室使用直饮水机.直饮水机通常通过活性炭或过滤纤维两种介质来去除自来水中的污染物以达到直饮的目的.在使用过程中,介质表面会生长大量细菌,造成生物学与感观的问题. 采用超声波这一新型物理技术,可抑制过滤介质上的细菌生长.通过大量重复实验,发现超声波可稳定地抑制过滤纤维和活性炭两种吸附介质上生长的菌体甚至原生动物.此外,由于超声波强化介质的吸附作用,超声波与活性炭同时处理较活性炭吸附可以更好地去除自来水中有机物;不同超声波频率下的实验进一步验证了超声波技术对活性炭吸附的强化作用.     

Rainwater utilization and storm pollution control based on urban runoff characterization

The characteristics of urban runoffs and their impact on rainwater utilization and storm pollution control were investigated in three different functional areas of Zhengzhou City, China. The results showed that in the same rain event the pollutant loads (chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS)) in the sampling areas were in the order of industrial area > commercial area > residential area, and within the same area the COD and TSS concentrations of road runoffs were higher than those of roof runoffs. The first flush effects in roof and road runoffs were observed, hence the initial rainwater should be treated separately to reduce rainwater utilization cost and control storm pollution. The initial roof rainfall of 2 mm in residential area, 5 mm in commercial area and 10 mm in industrial area, and the initial road rainfall of 4 mm in residential area and all the road rainfall in commercial and industrial areas should be collected and treated accordingly before direct discharge or utilization. Based on the strong correlation between COD and TSS (R~2, 0.87-0.95) and the low biodegradation capacity (biochemical oxygen demand BOD_5/COD < 0.3), a sedimentation process and an effective filtration system composed of soil and slag were designed to treat the initial rainwater, which could remove over 90% of the pollutant loads. The above results may help to develop better rainwater utilization and pollution control strategies for cities with water shortages.     

污水处理厂中污水臭气除臭技术的研究与应用

污水处理厂中恶臭气体污染已成为环境污染的重大问题,除臭技术的研究与应用已经成为一个热点。通过介绍处理厂中污水臭气的来源、成分以及对人体的危害,详细分析了各种除臭技术的发展历程,并比较了各自的优缺点,展望了其发展的趋势与应用领域。通过各种除臭技术的比选,最终确定污水处理厂臭气除臭形式采用生物滤池法,最终满足污染物排放标准的要求。展望了今后的研究方向是寻找研究新型的、高效的、环保的除臭技术。     

碳基高价银分子晶体电池处理铬污染源水试验研究

以扬州第四水厂的沉淀后出水作为原水,模拟突发铬污染,通过投加碳基高价银分子晶体电池进行应急处理的实验研究。实验结果表明：碳基高价银分子晶体电池对铬的吸附在30min内能达到88.2％的吸附容量;碳基高价银分子晶体电池对铬的吸附符合Langmuir吸附模式;溶液pH值大于5时,吸附几乎为0;对进水质量浓度小于0．75mg／L的铬污染水样,接触时间5min以内便能使出水中铬的质量浓度降到生活饮用水标准的限值0．05mg／L。     

Rainwater utilization and storm pollution control based on urban runo characterization

The characteristics of urban runo s and their impact on rainwater utilization and storm pollution control were investigated in three di erent functional areas of Zhengzhou City, China. The results showed that in the same rain event the pollutant loads (chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS)) in the sampling areas were in the order of industrial area > commercial area > residential area, and within the same area the COD and TSS concentrations of road runo s were higher than those of roof runo s. The first flush e ects in roof and road runo s were observed, hence the initial rainwater should be treated separately to reduce rainwater utilization cost and control storm pollution. The initial roof rainfall of 2 mm in residential area, 5 mm in commercial area and 10 mm in industrial area, and the initial road rainfall of 4 mm in residential area and all the road rainfall in commercial and industrial areas should be collected and treated accordingly before direct discharge or utilization. Based on the strong correlation between COD and TSS (R2, 0.87–0.95) and the low biodegradation capacity (biochemical oxygen demand BOD5/COD < 0.3), a sedimentation process and an e ective filtration system composed of soil and slag were designed to treat the initial rainwater, which could remove over 90% of the pollutant loads. The above results may help to develop better rainwater utilization and pollution control strategies for cities with water shortages.     

系统EMI预测分级筛选方法研究

介绍了系统电磁干扰预测分析的基本原理,阐述了分级筛选分析方法及其数学模型,以此开发了基于模块化设计思想和面向对象程序设计范型的电磁干扰预测分析软件,对系统电磁兼容性优化设计有参考价值。     

混凝预处理对超滤膜通量的影响

为探讨混凝预处理对改善超滤膜过滤通量的效果.试验采用了4种具有不同亲疏水性的水样,着重探讨混凝对有机物的疏水性和亲水性组分的去除效果以及所带来的通量改善.试验结果表明,超滤膜直接过滤原水时,4种水样的有机物截留率在12%～20%,但其中的疏水性组分均超过了50%,说明膜倾向于截留疏水性有机物.投加25 mg/L的混凝剂,4种水样的有机物去除率在12%～28%,投加量增加至100 mg/L,去除率也相应增加至25%～38%,但其中的疏水性组分均占50%以上.混凝预处理均可有效提高通量.对有机物各组分的分析表明,膜处理混凝预处理水时,主要截留亲水性组分,这是由于混凝可有效去除疏水性组分的缘故.由此也可得出结论.超滤膜的通量下降主要是由疏水性有机物引起的,亲水性组分对通量的影响较小.