常规洗井和取样法存在问题及新方法介绍

通过分析国内外研究,阐述了常规洗井和取样(以潜水泵洗井,提桶或贝勒管取样为例)过程的一些弊端,并介绍了一种国内文献中未见的方法—低流速法。该法所采得的样品在代表性方面优势更加明显,获得的数据更加准确。     

生物过滤氧化反应器中的微生物特性研究

采用沿程取样分析的方法,对生物过滤氧化反应器不同位置中的微生物特性进行了研究,结果表明,沿水（气）流方向,陶粒上附着的生物膜与陶粒间的生物絮体的量都是逐渐减少,生物絮体的氧呼吸率也随之下降,但生物膜的氧吸收率没有明显的变化。沿水（气）流方向,生物膜生物活性是逐渐升高的,而生物絮体生物活性总体逐渐下降。对生物膜的活性细菌数目（ABN）分析表明,在反应器内不同位置,异养菌与自养菌数量是交替变化的。在进水端,异养菌占据绝对优势,其数量是自养菌的近1000倍,随着床层向出水端靠近,异养菌数目减少,自养菌数目增多,在出水端附近,自养菌是异养菌数目的10倍多。     

油罐底泥的脱水性能实验

以胜利油田胜利采油厂两种油罐底泥为研究对象,采用实验室压滤装置进行了压滤脱水实验研究。1号油泥干基含油率20.97%、固体平均粒径289.2μm,2号油泥干基含油率45.41%,固体平均粒径45.36μm。研究发现:1号油泥无需添加任何助滤剂即可实现顺利脱水,过滤比阻在1×1011m/kg左右,滤饼压缩性指数为0.09。2号油泥需添加干基油泥0.15倍以上的TSM助滤剂方可实现脱水,TSM投加量增大有助于滤饼比阻降低,并减弱滤饼的可压缩性。含油率和固体粒径是影响罐底泥脱水性能的重要因素。     

Above and below ground biomass patterns in arid lands

Regular vegetation patterns have been observed in many arid zones around the word. This particular spontaneous arrangement of the vegetation optimizes the use of the scarce water resources and could be imitated to restore vulnerable ecosystems; at the same time, the patterns of vegetation act as an early warning signal of the fact that fragile ecosystems may suddenly undergo irreversible shifts, thus, they deserve a special attention. The formation of vegetation patterns is the object of many theoretical and experimental studies, nevertheless, in previous works, the interest that is deserved to below ground biomass allocation is minor as compared to the effort that is spent to describe the organization of vegetation above ground.     

活性炭颗粒对超细颗粒物的过滤性能

UFPs(超细颗粒物)对人体危害较大且难以脱除,但活性炭颗粒床利用多孔结构可以提高其过滤效率. 为探究试验条件对UFPs过滤效率的影响以及活性炭孔隙结构和UFPs过滤效率之间的关系,以实验室发生UFPs为研究对象,活性炭为过滤介质,对活性炭颗粒粒径、滤层厚度以及表观风速等条件对过滤UFPs的影响进行了研究,并通过对比过滤前后活性炭的孔径分布,分析活性炭多孔性与UFPs的关系. 结果表明:当活性炭颗粒平均粒径由2.50 mm减至0.45 mm、滤层厚度由20 mm增至100 mm、表观过滤风速由4.25 cm/s降至0.84 cm/s时,总过滤效率分别由41.87%、49.39%、68.24%升至86.27%、89.29%、83.04%;但从活性炭的单颗粒过滤效率和过滤质量角度来看,在活性炭颗粒粒径大、滤层厚度小、表观过滤风速低的条件下,更有利于单个活性炭颗粒的过滤作用的发挥;当UFPs粒径小于14.3 nm时,UFPs发生“热反弹”效应,并且主要过滤机理是扩散效应,但随着UFPs粒径增大,拦截和惯性碰撞对过滤效率的作用增强;活性炭500 nm以下的孔隙结构对脱除UFPs起着重要作用. 研究显示,选择含有更多500 nm以下孔隙的多孔材料更有利于过滤UFPs.      

生物活性炭老化对滤池过滤阻力和处理效果的影响

利用饮用水厂运行10年的生物活性炭(BAC)装填滤柱,研究活性炭老化对滤柱过滤阻力和处理效果的影响.结果表明,活性炭老化会产生大量小粒径颗粒炭,沉积于活性炭池表层的小粒径颗粒炭产生的过滤阻力是滤柱总阻力的主要来源,其比阻约为底层炭的22倍.强化反冲洗仅可降低初始过滤阻力,移除表层细炭是降低活性炭滤池阻力的有效方法.强化反冲洗对滤柱过滤性能无显著影响.移除表层细炭后,老化活性炭滤柱对总有机碳的去除率由24.71%下降至7.04%,而后恢复至移除前的水平.移除表层炭后老化活性炭对UV₂₅₄和大于2μm颗粒数的去除率与对照组活性炭相似.降低活性炭滤池的反冲强度、延长过滤周期是延长老化活性炭寿命的有效方法.     

A long-term study comparing membrane filtration with Colilert defined substrates in detecting fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in natural waters

Assessment methods for determining the presence and number of fecal bacteria and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in waters, foodstuffs, sewage effluent, and soils have evolved from multiple tube fermentations (MTF's) to membrane filtrations (MF's) to, most recently, defined substrate technologies (DST's). Mounting evidence indicates Colilert DST (IDEXX, Westbrook, ME) to be a versatile assessment technique for detecting and enumerating E. coli over a range of applications. This study compared the performance of Colilert DST with a confirmed standard MF technique using m-FC broth (Millipore, Bedford, MA) in assessing E. coli in ten different environmental water samples obtained monthly over a 3-year period from the upper Appomattox River, VA. For the duration of the study, E. coli counts measured by Colilert DST were positively correlated (Pearson's correlation coefficient=0.956; slope=0.979; p<0.0001) with E. coli counts measured by confirmed MF procedures. The results of a two-factor ANOVA revealed that Colilert DST counts compared equally to confirmed MF counts by year (p=0.974), by stream sampled (p=1.0), and by season (p=0.696). E. coli counts were significantly lower during cold season months (Dec/Jan/Feb) than during warm season months (Jun/Jul/Aug) for each year contributing to marked variation in sample quality. Counts obtained by Colilert DST compared equally to those obtained by MF across all samples and dates for the three years. Colilert DST presents a laboratory protocol that is simpler to manage, quicker to process, and easier to quantify results than MF. These factors, plus the enhanced precision and versatility of Colilert DST over the span of this three-year study attests to its suitability for testing ambient surface waters.     

巨牡蛎(Crassostrea sp.)的滤水率测定

在实验室条件下,测定了巨牡蛎在不同个体大小、不同个体数和不同密度单胞藻(三角褐指藻)密度不同水平条件下的滤水率。结果:(1)在上述三个影响因素中,单胞藻的密度对巨牡蛎的滤水率影响最大;(2)巨牡蛎单位体重滤水率均随着巨牡蛎个体数量、巨牡蛎大小及单胞藻密度的增大而下降,它们的关系呈负指数函数和负幂函数关系;(3)在本实验条件下,当三角褐指藻的密度为1.0×104/mL,巨牡蛎的干肉重和个体数分别为0.1114 g和10只时,巨牡蛎的滤水率最高,达2.693 L/h.g。     

含重金属离子废水吸附过滤处理技术(Ⅰ)──新型吸附过滤材料的研究

通过反复沉淀法和蒸发溶剂法改性普通石英砂滤料(20～40目),制备处理含重金属离子废水的新型吸附过滤材料;利用电子显微镜及电子衍射等考察了其表面形态及组成;测定了材料表面的固着性能与Cd2+,Cr3+等的吸附能力。结果表明,所制备的材料能有效吸附Cd2+、Cr3+等离子;蒸发溶剂法所制备的样品的比表面积较反复沉淀法的大,微观表面结构也更粗糙复杂;材料表面铁氧化物由γ－Fe₂O₃、FeO(OH)组成。      

The role of radial oxygen loss and root anatomy on zinc uptake and tolerance in mangrove seedlings

Root anatomy, radial oxygen loss (ROL) and zinc (Zn) uptake and tolerance in mangrove plants were investigated using seedlings of Aegiceras corniculatum, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Rhizophora stylosa. The results revealed that B. gymnorrhiza, which possessed the ‘tightest barrier’ in ROL spatial patterns among the three species studied, took up the least Zn and showed the highest Zn tolerance. Furthermore, zinc significantly decreased the ROL of all three plants by inhibition of root permeability, which included an obvious thickening of outer cortex and significant increases of lignification in cell walls. The results of SEM X-ray microanalysis further confirmed that such an inducible, low permeability of roots was likely an adaptive strategy to metal stress by direct prevention of excessive Zn entering into the root. The present study proposes new evidence of structural adaptive strategy on metal tolerance by mangrove seedlings.