香港与广州市汽车尾气污染比较

采用较先进自动分析仪器,连续４年在香港九龙青山道及连续９天广州市解放中路,对汽车尾气污染进行监测。结果表明,香港九龙青山道汽车尾气污染较轻,１９８８年和１９８９年基本满足中国国家大气环境质量二级标准的要求。广州市解放中路汽车尾气污染严重。超过国家大气环境质量三级标准,车流组成与行车速度的差异是造成香港与广州市两地汽车气污染差别的主要原因。     

通风状况对乳胶泡沫材料燃烧特性影响

设计小尺寸实验平台,研究不同通风管道风速对乳胶泡沫材料燃烧特性的影响。在不同风速条件下进行实验,获得材料表面温度分布、质量损失速率、火焰高度和火蔓延速率等特性参数。实验结果表明,在管道风速为0,1.5,3,4.5,6 m/s时,平均火焰蔓延速率分别为0.24,0.20,0.23,0.25,0.24 cm/s,最大质量损失速率分别为2.80,2.26,2.65,3.18,3.63 g/s。在有风条件下,随着风速的增加,火焰燃烧过程变得更加剧烈,最大质量损失率变大。实验样品的燃烧过程可以分为3个阶段:初始生长、完全燃烧和熄灭。最大火焰高度发生在燃烧过程的第2阶段,不同管道风速下的最大火焰高度分别为96.39,72.83,90.68,94.96,95.32 cm。     

移动除尘电气安全控制系统的设计

介绍了铁合金浇注池用移动除尘系统的原理,同时对铁合金浇注池用移动除尘电气安全控制系统的原理、设计进行了阐述。通过多方案对比,选出了安全控制的设计方案,很好地解决了移动除尘系统中行车与烟气捕集罩之间同步安全的相关问题。     

基于贝叶斯网络的高速动车组运营故障分析

为研究影响高速动车组正常运行的各故障因素间的因果关系,分析其耦合强度,将故障因素分为人、机、环3类,从系统角度又将机器因素分为5个子系统。人、机、环3类共识别27个故障因素;使用K2算法生成贝叶斯网络结构,引入扩展因果效应算法确定节点优先次序作为K2算法的先验知识,采用EM算法学习贝叶斯网络参数,构建基于贝叶斯网络的高速动车组运营故障分析模型;以209个CRH详细故障报告为例,对故障因素的故障发生概率进行排序并分析因素间的影响强度和灵敏度。结果表明:牵引供电系统故障发生概率较高;车门系统故障、牵引变流器故障易由内部零件故障引起,外界异物击打对受电弓影响较大;人、环因素更易引起多故障耦合;环境因素对牵引供电系统表现出较高的灵敏度。贝叶斯网络在分析高速动车组运营系统故障问题上具有可行性,分析结果有助于提升运营单位的管控能力。     

基于TruckSim的大型货物运输车辆安全运行纵坡最大长度研究*

为研究适用于典型大型货物运输车辆的道路纵坡及最大坡长参数,构建大型货物运输车辆动力学仿真模型,并考虑车辆冲坡行为及公路线形设计习惯,建立包含直线提速蓄能路段、以最小长度控制的竖曲线路段以及不同坡度纵坡路段组成的试验道路,对比分析设计速度120 km/h、纵坡坡度1.0%~3.0%,设计速度100 km/h、纵坡坡度1.0%~4.0%以及设计速度80 km/h、纵坡坡度1.0%~5.0%3种不同道路条件下,大型货物运输车辆在试验路段的运行速度变化规律。依据速度一致性原则,以大型货物运输车辆的运行速度衰减度作为控制指标,得到各设计速度道路不同纵坡路段对应的最大纵坡长度。结果表明:在保证纵坡路段满足最小长度要求的条件下,通过减小纵坡路段长度,增大竖曲线长度,可提高大型货物运输车辆纵坡路段通过性。     

小群体行为作用下的地铁站疏散模型研究

为研究小群体行为作用对地铁站突发事件人群疏散效率的影响,基于社会力模型理论和智能体技术,构建地铁站人群疏散模型。分析小群体趋向性、协调一致性等行为特征,运用社会力模型理论,计算小群体成员移动速度;量化小群体行为对群体内部成员作用大小,修正成员期望速度,确定人群疏散速度;以某地铁站火灾事故为例,分别模拟单人疏散场景和混合疏散场景。研究结果表明:混合疏散场景仿真时间比单人疏散场景仿真时间延长12.29%,平均绕行距离比单人疏散增加38.8%,小群体行为降低了地铁站突发事件人群疏散效率。     

Investigating factors influencing drivers' speed selection behavior under reduced visibility conditions

Objective: Driving speed is a major concern for driving safety under reduced visibility conditions. Many factors affect speed selection in low visibility, but few studies have been conducted examining drivers' characteristics, particularly in China. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between drivers' demographic information, driving ability, and speed choice in low-visibility conditions using a sample of Chinese drivers.

Methods: A self-designed driving ability scale was used to assess driving ability in reduced visibility conditions. The reliability and validity of 306 gathered questionnaires were examined in this article, and a structural equation model (SEM) was built to explore the predictors of drivers' speed selection behavior under reduced visibility conditions and to measure the relationships between various factors.

Results: Age and driving experience have no direct relationship to speed selection behavior in reduced visibility, but the frequency of using expressways and annual mileage are significantly related to the speed on roads that have a speed restriction of 80 or 120 km/h. Under reduced visibility conditions, driving ability has a significant effect on speed selection behavior, and driving skill (DS) is the most influential on speed selection behavior on roads with a speed limit of 120 km/h; otherwise, the effect of risk perception (RP) does not differ by speed choice on 3 roads with different speed limits. Driving speed in good weather also has a positive influence on speed selection behavior in low visibility.

Conclusion: Driving ability is directly associated with speed selection in reduced visibility conditions, and some demographic data indirectly influence speed selection. This study provides useful recommendations for drivers' training programs to reduce casualties from accidents in low-visibility conditions.     

Performance evaluation of a horizontal axis wind turbine in operation

The operation of modern horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) includes a number of important factors, such as wind power (P), power coefficient (C_P), axial flow induction factor (a), rotational speed (Ω), tip speed ratio (λ), and thrust force (T). The aerodynamic qualities of these aspects are evaluated and discussed in this study. For this aim, the measured data are obtained from the Sebenoba Wind Energy Power Plant (WEPP) that is located in the Sebenoba region in Hatay, Turkey, and a wind turbine with a capacity of 2 MW is selected for evaluation. According to the results obtained, the maximum turbine power output, maximum power coefficient, maximum axial flow induction factor, maximum thrust force, optimum rotational speed, probability density of optimum rotational speed, and optimum tip speed ratio are found to be 2 MW, 30%, 0.091, 140 kN, 16.11 rpm, 46.76%, and 7, respectively. This study has revealed that wind turbines must work under optimum conditions in order to extract as much energy as possible for approaching the ideal limit.     

Location wise comparison of mixture distributions for assessment of wind power potential: A parametric study

Scientific literature discussed various types of mixture models and models derived from maximum entropy principle using short-term wind speed data for their relative assessment. The literature on suitability of these mixture models for long-term data is rarely available. However, for correct assessment of wind power potential both wind speed and wind direction are equally important. Therefore, in this paper, both wind speed and wind direction are simultaneously analyzed using several types of mixture distribution and compared the same with conventional Weibull distribution. For wind speed and wind power density assessment, the mixture distributions such as Weibull--Weibull distribution, Gamma--Weibull distribution, Truncated Normal--Weibull distribution, Truncated Normal--Normal distribution, proposed Truncated Normal--Gamma distribution and Gamma--Gamma distribution along with MEP-distribution are compared with conventional 2-parameter Weibull distribution. Similarly, for wind direction analysis, the finite mixtures of von-Mises distribution are compared with conventional von-Mises distribution. Judgment criteria include R², RMSE, Kolmogorov--Smirnov test and relative percentage error in wind power density. The sites selected are the three onshore locations of India, viz., Calcutta, Trivandrum, and Ahmedabad. The results show that for wind speed assessment, mixture distribution performs better than the conventional Weibull distribution for analyzing wind power density. However, location wise comparison of all mixture distribution is of prime importance. For wind direction analysis, finite mixture of two von-Mises distributions proved to be a suitable candidate for Indian climatology.     

呼和浩特市空气颗粒物影响因素研究

选择呼和浩特市城东腾飞路中段为研究地,在内蒙古环境监测中心站实验大楼楼顶设置空气质量自动监测点,于2009年11月至2012年12月连续3年对该区域空气质量进行研究性监测。采用数理统计方法,对实测数据进行分析和研究,利用AQI评价的结果显示,颗粒物已经成为影响当地空气质量的主要污染物;PM2.5/PM10年平均值为0.47,随季节变化明显,春夏季比值偏小(春季为0.361,夏季为0.398),秋冬季比值偏大(秋季为0.499,冬季为0.635);受风速和湿度影响明显,比值与风速在0.01水平上呈现显著负相关,与湿度呈现显著正相关;利用3年污染物数据建立回归方程,经检验所建立的方程有效,说明其他污染物对PM2.5浓度变化有较显著影响。