利用等速采样原理克服动压平衡型烟尘采样仪在寒冷地区不能正常工作的问题

根据等速采样原理,探讨在标准状态下,采样体积的计算公式.当气温在0℃以下采样时,略去累计流量计、流量计前压力表、流量计前温度表,即不再用上述仪表测得参数求算采样体积,实现了冬季采样又简化了设备的结构.     

双怠速法机动车尾气排放检测结果的影响因素分析

针对双怠速法机动车尾气排放检测过程中经常大量出现过量空气系数(λ)不合格现象,结合相关标准和工作实践对影响检测结果的因素进行分析。结果显示,取样管路的气密性差、系统响应时间未达标准、测试软件程序设置错误、高怠速转速设置不合理及由于车辆特性导致的选用标准及操作错误均会导致λ测试结果超标,影响双怠速检测法的准确性。     

Simulation of Exterior Conditions in Permanently Closed Soil Chambers by Controlling Air Flow,Soil Water Content,and Temperature

Volatile substances and gases resulting e.g. from degradation processes of chemicals in soils emit into the atmosphere and no chemical mass balance is complete without considering this path. Closed soil chambers allow the evaluation of this transfer to the atmosphere. This study deals with the influence of soil chambers with a glass plate cover on physical soil conditions in the chambers and the possibility to simulate the exterior conditions within the chambers. The water content immediately at the soil surface is an important factor for the microbial activity and the transfer of gaseous compounds to the atmosphere as well. It is monitored by specially designed water content sensors in 1 cm depth in the chamber and as control outside. Funnels with a cross section equal to the soil surface area of the chamber collect the rain water and channel it into the soil chamber. This results in soil water content in the chambers very similar to that outside. For the purpose of analysing ¹⁴CO₂ and volatile ¹⁴C-compounds, air is permanently pumped through the chamber. In order to simulate natural conditions, the wind speed is measured 1 cm above the soil surface outside the chambers. A control circuit adjusts the air flow through the chamber to a value corresponding to the wind speed outside. Temperature measurements in 1 cm depth verify that there is no significant difference between the soil chamber and the control outside.     

Application of a long-path differential optical absorption spectrometer (LP-DOAS) on the measurements of NO(2), SO(2), O(3), and HNO(2) in Gwangju, Korea

A differential optical absorption spectrometer (DOAS) technique has been applied to monitor airborne trace pollutants including NO(2), SO(2), O(3), and HNO(2) in the ultraviolet (UV) region (290-350 nm) over a 1.5 km beam path (two ways) during an intensive measurement campaign held at Gwangju, Korea (March 2002). Their mean mixing ratios (and standard deviations) were computed as 11.3 (8.8), 1.9 (1.7), 17.1 (19.3), and 0.5 (0.4)ppbv, respectively. As a means to evaluate the performance of the long-path DOAS (LP-DOAS) system with conventional point monitoring systems (PMS), correlation analysis was conducted between the two data sets. These data sets were then inspected to account for the influence of the environmental conditions on the correlation strength between the two systems, especially with respect to light level and wind speed. To facilitate the comparison, correlation analyses were conducted after dividing the data sets for those parameters into several classes. The strength of the correlations between DOAS and meteorological parameters was also examined to evaluate their effects on the DOAS performance. It was found that, among the four pollutant species, O(3) is the most sensitive to changes in meteorological conditions in relation with atmospheric mixing conditions. The overall results of our study indicate that open-path monitoring techniques can be used to effectively diagnose air quality and be substituted for the conventional point monitoring methods with the proper consideration of those parameters affecting the DOAS sensitivity (e.g., light level and wind speed).     

浅谈如何选择温湿度箱

主要阐述了电子设备应用于不同场所,遇到的各种复杂的环境因素、;如高温、高湿、低温等,这些环境因素的存在将影响电子信息产品的可靠性,本文简要介绍了如何选用温湿度箱。     

总体样本风速风向联合概率分析方法

提出了针对总体样本的风速风向联合分布的实用统计分析方法。假定任意给定风向上的风速符合某一概型分布、风向间的关联以风速资料的相对发生频率反映、不同风向间的概型参数及频率分布的变化满足谐波函数,在此基础上,利用风速风向资料的总体样本可以得到一个能够反映任意方向的风速风向联合分布函数。利用澳门地区的百年风资料与某风站连续5年的风速观测记录,对该方法的可行性进行了验证。分析表明,该方法具有一定的适用性,便于结构的抗风可靠性分析,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

公路环境影响评价中运营期噪声源强的确定性研究

随着经济建设的不断发展和道路基础设施的改善,城市中各类机动车辆数量急剧上升,公路交通量大大提高,道路交通污染情况也越来越严重。噪声对人体健康产生严重的伤害,使人感到焦躁不安、无法睡眠。因此,对公路运营期可能产生的噪声进行预测并提出减少影响的措施,是公路环境影响评价的重要内容之一。车辆噪声源强是公路运营期声环境影响评价噪声预测中的一个重要参数,对其进行准确预测是确定敏感点噪声声级的基础。公路运营期噪声源主要是各种车辆在行驶过程中产生的交通噪声（包括机动车发动机噪声、排气噪声、车体振动噪声、传动和制动噪声等）,其中的主要污染源是发动机噪声。本论文通过介绍中国交通部发布的《公路建设项目环境影响评价规范》（包括96年和06年规范）及环保部发布的《环境影响评价导则一声环境》中噪声源强的计算方法,对双城市堡旭大道公路的噪声源强进行预测分析,认为2006年《公路建设项目环境影响评价规范》的噪声源强计算比较合理、科学。根据该公式计算得到的各型车车速及车辆源强符合实际情况,且适用范围较广,因此建议在公路运营期声环境影响评价中运用06年规范中的车辆源强公式。     

厦门秋季近郊近地面CO2浓度变化特征研究

利用CO2监测仪在厦门近郊中国科学院城市环境研究所超级监测站进行了秋季CO2数据采集,并结合监测站气象要素和气体污染物监测,分析了近地面CO2浓度变化特征、风速风向对其变化特征的影响以及CO2与部分气体污染物的相互关系.结果表明,厦门近郊秋季近地面CO2浓度主要集中分布在375～415μmol.mol-1范围内,约占70.87%;近地面大气CO2日变化曲线呈单峰型结构,CO2浓度日变化范围375.74～418.18μmol.mol-1,日平均最高值出现在黎明前后(408.54μmol.mol-1),最小值出现在午后附近(379.14μmol.mol-1),夜晚(18:00～05:00,北京时间)平均浓度(400.87±4.05)μmol.mol-1高于白天(06:00～17:00)平均浓度(388.86±9.40)μmol.mol-1;风速日变化曲线与CO2呈现完全相反的变化趋势,夜晚时段(22:00～04:00)风速波动范围在1.0～1.5 m.s-1时,对应的CO2浓度变化平稳,基本稳定在(400.72±2.12)μmol.mol-1.白天时段(09:00～18:00)风速变化范围在2.0～2.5 m.s-1时,对应的CO2浓度变化范围较大为379.14～394.83μmol.mol-1;用指数函数模型估测到该站点区域CO2背景浓度为386.84μmol.mol-1;观测期间该站点主要风向为东北偏东,统计该方向上CO2浓度与风速的相关关系,得出CO2浓度与风速呈极显著负相关(r=-0.67),相关系数高于所有方向统计的CO2浓度与风速的相关系数(r=-0.41,P<0.01),不同风向上CO2浓度贡献来源不同;此外,CO2浓度与温度、辐射量呈负相关(r=-0.541/-0.515,P<0.01),与湿度呈正相关(r=0.66,P<0.01);与其它大气气体污染物相比CO2与CO、NO的相关程度较高(r=0.469/0.436,P<0.01),与SO2相关程度较弱(r=0.126,P<0.01),经分析推测监测站点区域CO2排放源部分来自机动车排放,而燃煤排放贡献较小.     

高溶解氧条件下不同曝气量对短程硝化性能及微生物特征的影响

短程硝化过程是短程生物脱氮工艺中的限速步骤,在保证稳定亚硝化率的前提下,提高曝气量能够提高好氧氨氧化菌的活性,进而提高氨氧化速率.本文在序批式反应器中,通过改变曝气量,在高溶解氧条件下,考察不同曝气量对短程硝化的性能及微生物的影响.结果表明,随着曝气量的增大,氨氧化速率不断升高.单位体积曝气量为0.8、1.7、3.3、5.0 L·min^-1·L^-1时,氨氧化率维持在50%左右,亚硝酸盐氮积累率稳定在99%以上,平均氨氧化速率分别为0.88、0.96、1.29和1.32 mg·L^-1·min^-1.高通量测序分析表明,不同曝气量条件下,反应器中好氧氨氧化菌的优势菌属均为Nitrosomonas,而亚硝酸盐氧化菌都被有效抑制,Nitrospira丰度很低.此外,检出Acidovorax、Denitratisoma、Hyphomicrobium、Ignavibacterium等多种反硝化细菌,这些反硝化菌能够与好氧氨氧化菌共同作用,使系统发生少量内源同步硝化反硝化.综合考虑曝气能耗和反应速率,曝气量为3.3 L·min^-1·L^-1时,可实现控制短程硝化工艺的低耗高效运行.     

海洋大气氯离子采集过程饱和现象研究

采用我国大气网站规定的连续法,以(10±2)d和(30±2)d 2种采样周期对万宁试验站近海暴露场的大气氯离子进行了为期1 a的监测。研究证实,我国现行氯离子测试方法在海洋大气氯离子采集过程中存在饱和现象,风速对饱和程度的影响很复杂,既能加重饱和程度也能减轻饱和程度。