Flexibility in daily travel routines causes regional variation in bird migration speed

We used novel Global Positioning System-based satellite telemetry to reconstruct daily time budgets on travelling days of a long-distance migrant, the Osprey Pandion haliaetus, to reveal how landscape affects migratory performance. We compared daily travel routines between the Ospreys’ passage of Europe and the Sahara. In Europe, where feeding habitat is abundant, Ospreys fed both before–after flights and during interruptions, thus, combining migration with foraging. This resulted in a 2.7-h shorter daily flight period in Europe than in the Sahara. A calculated energy budget indicated that a ‘fly-and-forage migration strategy’ is favourable in Europe because associated benefits (energy intake) more than outweigh costs (reduced flight time). The much shorter flight time in Europe was the main explanation why Ospreys covered on average 78 km less distance on a travelling day in Europe than in the Sahara. In addition, there were regional differences in hourly flight speeds that are most probably the result of variation in thermal soaring conditions. We conclude that landscape properties have a profound effect on migration through regional variation in daily routines.     

煤吸附氧的过程特性研究

分析了煤吸附氧的动态变化过程并将其划分为活性吸附阶段、变能级吸附阶段和趋势化吸附阶段 ;测试了不同变质程度典型煤样的吸氧过程曲线 ,得出了滞后时间和斜率常数是煤表面位置能分布及空隙结构特性的表征量。分别由吸附动力学理论及煤氧吸附过程曲线推导了煤吸氧速度方程 ,建立了煤吸氧过程特性的数学描述模型 ,得出了煤的吸附活化能与覆盖度之间存在着对数关系。特别指出吸氧速度是煤表面与氧结合性质的度量因子 ,在一定程度上量化了煤的自燃活化性能。     

变频调速技术在高炉出铁场除尘中的应用

介绍了变频调速技术，结合实例论述了出铁场除尘系统采用此技术的经济性，并与其他调节方式作了比较，证明其在技术上及经济上均较优越。     

Flame acceleration in pipes containing bends of different angles

Bend structures are common in process industries. These bends containing three typical angles (90°, obtuse angle and acute angle) are often incorporated into pipes or ducts at different positions. In our experiments, the effect of both the bend angle and bend position on flame acceleration was studied. Flame acceleration in a pipe bend can be divided into three stages. The flame speeds increased before the bend and increased again after decreasing for a short distance in the bend. Flame reversing decreased the flame speeds in the bend and led to additional turbulence, which enhanced flame acceleration after the bend. The flame acceleration in three different pipe bend angles had similar trends. The decreasing amplitude of the flame speed in the bend increased with a decrease in the bend angles. The flame speeds in the bend were ordered such that 52° <90° <145°. However, the maximum flame speeds in the pipe were in the opposite order. Additionally, both the flame speeds in the bends and the maximum flame speeds in the whole pipes increased as the bend’s position away from ignition point increased.     

风速及风向对城市热岛强度的影响研究

为研究气象参数风对城市热岛效应影响,利用2008—2013年长沙气象局提供的相关气象数据,采用统计方法,首次研究了风速和风向对热岛强度分布规律的影响。结果表明:长沙热岛效应主要发生在晚间;热岛强度值随风速的增大而降低;处于顺风方向上的南北方向,两者热岛强度的差值随风速的增大而逐渐减少;处于与风向垂直方向上的东西方向,两者热岛强度的差值不受风速大小的影响。气象参数风对城市热岛强度和空间分布影响显著。     

障碍物对瓦斯煤尘爆炸火焰传播规律的影响

为了进一步探究瓦斯煤尘耦合爆炸火焰的传播规律,用自行搭建的半封闭垂直管道爆炸试验系统,研究障碍物对瓦斯煤尘耦合爆炸火焰传播规律的影响。研究结果表明:障碍物能显著提高瓦斯煤尘爆炸火焰的传播速度,其加速机理主要是障碍物诱导的湍流区会促进火焰的传播;火焰在传播过程中的加速度不是一直增加,随着火焰速度的增加会出现上下波动;煤尘的加入会使瓦斯爆炸产生的火焰传播速度显著增大及速度的最大值距离点火端较远;通过障碍物时爆炸产生的火焰形状发生较大的改变,出现拉伸和褶皱现象。     

基于地震易损性的连续梁桥减隔震方案研究

减隔震措施的合理配置是高速铁路地震经济性目标控制的关键。为了对采用不同减隔震装置的高速铁路连续梁桥抗震性能进行量化研究,基于桥梁系统地震易损性分析,选用4种减隔震方案进行对比分析。4种方案分别为:全桥抗震设计方案（方案1）、全桥双曲面球型隔震支座+粘滞阻尼器方案（方案2）、中墩摩擦摆+边墩普通支座与阻尼器配合方案（方案3）和全桥摩擦摆+边墩阻尼器方案（方案4）。结果表明:高烈度高速铁路桥梁须通过减隔震设计才能满足抗震设防目标,综合经济性和抗震性能2方面因素,方案4有效降低了结构内力响应和位移响应,为所列方案中的最优方案。     

采空区瓦斯涌出的回采速度效应分析

为了深入了解煤层开采时工作面回采速度对采空区瓦斯涌出的影响,提高矿井采空区瓦斯治理能力,保障矿井安全生产,通过建立数学模型并采用COMSOL有限元分析软件建立不同回采速度采空区瓦斯涌出模型,开展数值模拟试验,研究不同回采速度下采空区瓦斯涌出规律及分布情况。结果表明:不同回采速度下采空区相同深度的瓦斯浓度呈梯度增长;通过对现场采空区回采速度数据进行归类平均后,降低其他因素对采空区瓦斯涌出的影响后,采空区瓦斯涌出量与回采速度线性相关性从0.60提高至0.94,表明回采速度越快,采空区瓦斯涌出速度越快,采空区瓦斯涌出量越大。研究结果揭示了煤层开采过程中回采速度对采空区瓦斯涌出的影响规律,为现场优化回采速度及抽采参数提供了理论指导。     

Coefficient of friction,walking speed and cadence on slippery and dry surfaces: shoes with different groove depths

Objective. The present study aimed to determine the coefficient of friction (COF), walking speed (WS) and cadence while walking on slippery and dry surfaces using shoes with different sole groove depths to predict likelihood of fall. Background. Design of shoe sole groove is crucial to prevent slipping during walking. Methods. 22 healthy young men (mean age 24.5, body mass index 22.5) volunteered for this semi-experimental study. Six different conditions of the test (combination of three shoes and two surfaces) were defined and the condition was repeated three times. In total, 396 trials (22 subjects?×?3 groove depths?×?2 surfaces?×?3 times) were obtained for data analysis. COF was recorded by force platform at 1000?Hz and walking parameters recorded using 3D motion analysis with six infrared cameras at 200?Hz. Results. The highest COF was obtained from the deepest groove depth (5.0?mm) on both dry and slippery surfaces. The COF on slippery surfaces was significantly lower in comparison with dry surfaces. WS and cadence were not significantly different on dry and slippery surfaces. Conclusion. The deeper groove is better to prevent slipping because the COF increases by increasing the shoe sole groove depth. WS did not change on dry and slippery surfaces.     

基于速度特征指标的高速公路线形一致性综合评价

为量化评价已建和拟建高速公路交通安全性,以实测运行车速数据和事故率数据为基础,根据公路空间属性的变化,采用不定长法进行路段划分。考虑不同路段车速协调性和连续性的需求,引入客货差极差比、车速降低系数、路段车速离散度等车速特征指标。通过对运行车速特征指标与事故率的相关性分析,采用多元回归的方法建立了高速公路线形设计一致性综合评价模型,同时结合事故多发点改善效果的显著性,确定我国高速公路安全性服务水平,在此基础上提出线形设计一致性评价标准和评价方法。太旧高速公路的实例应用结果表明,该方法可准确有效地评价线形设计一致性。