Relationship of traffic fatality rates to maximum state speed limits

Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the safety effects of increases in U.S. state maximum speed limits during the period 1993–2013.

Methods: Poisson regression was used to model state-by-state annual traffic fatality rates per mile of travel as a function of time, the unemployment rate, the percentage of the driving age population that was younger than 25, per capita alcohol consumption, and the maximum posted speed limit on any road in the state. Separate analyses were conducted for all roads, interstates and freeways, and all other roads.

Results: A 5 mph increase in the maximum state speed limit was associated with an 8% increase in fatality rates on interstates and freeways and a 4% increase on other roads. In total, there were an estimated 33,000 more traffic fatalities during the years 1995–2013 than would have been expected if maximum speed limits had not increased. In 2013 alone, there were approximately 1,900 additional deaths—500 on interstates/freeways and 1,400 on other roads.

Conclusions: There is a definite trend of increased fatality risk when speed limits are raised. As roadway sections with higher speed limits have become more ubiquitous, the increase in fatality risk has extended beyond these roadways. The increase in risk has been so great that it has now largely offset the beneficial effects of some other traffic safety strategies. State policy makers should keep this trade-off in mind when considering proposals to raise speed limits.     

炼油污水三泥脱水装置调试运行

炼油污水处理装置的三泥脱水实验表明,剩余污泥的脱水性能最好。根据实验结果,将浮渣与剩余污泥按比例混合进行脱水,连续少量掺入油泥,调整转速与混凝剂用量后取得较好的脱水效果。在离心机处理量13～15m3/h,离转速3000r/min,差转速5～7r/min,混凝剂量5kg/h的工况下,离心机所产泥饼含水率<85%、滤液ρ(COD)<800mg/L。脱水处理直接成本19.6元/m3。     

高铁建设项目安全风险分析及对策研究——以西宝客运专线Ⅱ标为例

本文针对国内高铁客运专线建设项目,对如何识别风险、分析风险、控制风险和应对风险进行了初步研究,并以西宝高铁建设项目为例,通过风险分析评价了该客运专线建设项目的风险因素,确定了各种因素对建设项目实施的影响程度大小,并依据风险分析的结果提出了加强该客运专线建设施工风险管理的主要对策,以实现将风险有效地控制在决策者预定的范围之内。该研究可为高铁客运专线建设项目的施工风险管理工作提供理论及实践的借鉴。     

On-road driving test performance in veterans: Effects of age,clinical diagnosis and cognitive measures

Introduction: Veterans are at heightened risk of being in a motor-vehicle crash and many fail on-road driving evaluations, particularly as they age. This may be due in part to the high prevalence of age-associated conditions impacting cognition in this population, including neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s Disease) and acquired neurological conditions (e.g., cerebrovascular accident). However, understanding of the impact of referral diagnosis, age and cognition on Veterans’ on-road driving performance is limited. Methods: 109 Veterans were referred for a driving evaluation (mean age = 72.0, SD = 11.5) at a driving assessment clinic at the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. Of the 109 Veterans enrolled, 44 were referred due to a neurodegenerative disease, 37 due to an acquired neurological condition, and 28 due to a non-neurological condition (e.g., vision loss). Veterans completed collection of health history information and administration of cognitive tests assessing visual attention, processing speed, and executive functioning, as well as a standardized, on-road driving evaluation. Results: A total of 17.9% of Veterans failed the on-road evaluation. Clinical diagnostic group was not associated with failure rate. Age was not associated with failure rates in the full sample or within diagnostic groups. After controlling for age, poorer processing speed and selective/divided attention were associated with higher failure rates in the full sample. No cognitive tests were associated with failure rates within diagnostic groups. Conclusion: Referral diagnosis and age alone are not reliable predictors of Veterans’ driving performance. Cognitive performance, specifically speed of processing and attention, may be helpful in screening Veterans’ driving safety. Practical Applications: Clinicians tasked with assessing Veterans’ driving safety should take into account cognitive performance, particularly processing speed and attention, when making decisions regarding driving safety. Age and referral diagnosis, while helpful information, are insufficient to predict outcomes on driving evaluations.     

回转体高速入水弹道模型研究

目的 快速预测回转体高速入水过程中的空泡形态发展和分析回转体高速入水后的弹道特性。方法 基于空泡截面独立扩张原理,建立回转体高速入水非定常超空泡计算方法,通过高速水动力计算方法,结合回转体动力学方程,实现回转体运动参数的求解。结果 通过与文献试验结果对比,验证了回转体高速入水弹道模型的可靠性。对比试验结果,模型的预测误差在10%以内,可满足回转体高速入水弹道预测需要。利用所建立的弹道模型计算了回转体在高速垂直、倾斜入水2种工况下的空泡形态、运动参数变化。发现回转体高速入水过程中,空泡会影响回转体的运动,回转体速度衰减主要和空化器阻力有关。回转体在受到扰动角速度的影响后,滑行力会改变回转体的姿态角和攻角,并使弹道发生弯曲,但有助于回转体运动的稳定。结论 在入水空泡能完全包裹回转体的情况下,可对回转体进行结构优化,增强回转体尾拍运动中受到的滑行力,提升回转体高速入水运动稳定性。适当减小空化器直径,能降低回转体入水过程中的阻力,并增加射程。     

绵阳市城区空气优化布点的模糊聚类分析

本文用规划网格高密度布点,通过一年的硫酸盐化速率的监测数据,进行模糊聚类分析。从而对绵阳市的空气监测点位进行优化,得到采样点位的最佳位置分布。通过检验,证明其技术路线是可行的。     

自动气象站非规范算法对风观测数据质量的影响

目的弄清非规范算法对风观测数据质量的影响程度。方法采用规范方法和二种非规范方法同时统计长期正常采集的风向风速数据,统计每月16位风向的极大风速及其对应的风向和时间、最大风速及其对应的风向和时间、2 min平均风速、10 min平均风速、含静风的风向频率等参数,并绘制相应参数的风玫瑰图,比较不同算法、相同参数的风玫瑰图,探讨算法间的误差。结果风速简单滑动平均法、风向矢量滑动平均法对16位风向上极大风速、最大风速、10 min平均风速的统计结果与规范方法很接近,而风向、风速简单滑动平均法对上述5种参数的统计结果与规范方法都有很大差异。结论自动气象站非规范算法会降低风观测数据质量,加强自动气象站供货商资质管理是提高气象观测数据质量的基本保障。     

乌鲁木齐市机动车排污检测/维修体系探讨

机动车排污检测/维修体系的改进和提高，实施检测/维修制度是在用车辆排污治理最有效、最合理、最经济的办法。本文就如何确定适合本地的检测标准、改进检测方法、提高维修技术及完善管理体系等有关方面作初步探讨。     

典型街道环境空气质量分析

根据对深南东路环境空气的监测及车流量、气象条件的调查,分析机动车及气象因素对深圳市环境空气质量的影响。根据分析可知,机动车尾气是深圳市环境空气中污染物的主要来源,但污染程度不断变化的主要原因是风速,深圳市环境空气中污染物浓度与风速有着非常显著的负相关。     

青藏铁路临界翻车风速研究

分析了青藏铁路沿线不同季节大风平均风速、最大风速和超过8级风天数。由于空气密度随海拔上升而减小,大风对铁路运输安全的影响与低海拔地区差异较大。笔者利用车辆动力学原理建立了列车的临界翻车风速模型,研究了高寒铁路不同海拔地区和冻土地区的临界翻车风速。研究结果表明:青藏高寒铁路临界翻车风速随海拔升高而增大,而随冻土路基病害出现而降低的规律。参考英、日等国大风标准,结合青藏高原的特点,根据危险翻车风速和临界翻车风速,首次提出青藏高原铁路海拔4000m地区安全行车标准。