清洁生产、生态工业和循环经济

清洁生产、生态工业和循环经济是当今环保战略的3个主要发展方向,三者有共同之处,又有各自明确的理论、实践和运行方式.笔者在对三者的内涵作了简单介绍之后,着重从理论上探讨环境管理延伸到企业、企业群落和国民经济一切相关领域的必然性和合理性,提出并论述了生态工业与循环经济的前提和本质是清洁生产,从优质资源、生态和环境总量保有量的角度探讨了循环经济对我国国际竞争力的重要性.      

蒽醌系染料废水的3R处理技术进展与展望

综述了近年来蒽醌系酸性、分散和活性染料及其中间体的减量化合成工艺进展．其中包括1-氨基蒽醌溶剂法α-硝化,溴氨酸和1,4-二羟基蒽醌的新合成方法,CI酸性蓝45,分散蓝73的合成新工艺等。同时综述了含蒽醌系染料及其中间体废水的高效处理工艺即无害化与资源化处理方法。进一步对蒽醌系染料的清洁生产和循环经济进行了技术展望．     

流域水质目标管理技术研究(Ⅳ)——控制单元的水污染物排放限值与削减技术评估

对国内外流域水污染物排放限值与削减技术评估体系进行了归纳,系统介绍了美国和欧盟水污染物排放限值与削减技术评估体系的框架和特点,指出其对我国流域水污染物排放限值与削减技术评估体系建设的借鉴意义.以水质保护目标为前提,按照“分区、分类、分级、分期”的理念,建立了流域控制单元水污染物排放限值与削减技术评估体系,阐述了该体系的内涵和特点;探讨了控制单元各类污染源的水污染物削减技术评估和最佳可行技术,削减技术评估指标、方法和程序,污染物削减技术检测平台,污染物排放限值确定等关键问题.      

铜铬电镀废液中铬回收方法

用亚硫酸钠将电镀废液中的六价铬还原为三价铬,用硫化钠除去铜,用氢氧化钠沉淀三价铬后,用一定量的硫酸溶解氢氧化铬后得到碱式硫酸铬加以回收利用。     

硝基苯类化合物在铜电极上的电还原特性和还原机理

采用循环伏安法,对硝基苯类化合物在铜电极表面上的电还原特性进行了研究,评价了它们在铜电极上的电还原反应活性,分析了此类化合物在铜电极上的还原机理,并且讨论了电还原反应活性和此类化合物结构之间的关系．结果表明,硝基苯类化合物在铜电极表面有还原电位,也就是说,能在铜电极表面被直接还原．     

生物质环保能源产业链发展探讨

简述了生物质概念及生物质利用技术的概况,介绍了生物质(竹、木剩余物)气、炭、液、油四联产生物质能源利用产业链的发展思路,对生物质利用的市场应用及发展进行了分析预测。     

Estimation of emission reduction potential in China’s industrial sector

The industrial sector is usually the largest economy sector for carbon emissions in many countries, which made it the sector with greatest potential for carbon reduction although the process duration might be very long. Studying the potential of industrial emission reduction has great significance in estimating the carbon emission peak of China on the one hand, and adjusting its strategy in international climate change negotiations. By employing the economic accounting method, this article estimates the emission reduction potential of China’s Industrial sector for the period of 2010–2050. It reveals that, taking 2030 as the year when the emission reaches the peak, the total reduction can be 8.38 billion tons (bts) for the period of 2010–2030, with 3.12 bts from structural reduction while 5.26 bts from intensity reduction. Afterwards, reduction will continue with a total amount of 6.59 bts for the period of 2030–2050, where the structural reduction accounts for 2.47 bts, and intensity reduction 4.115 bts. If both industrial and energy consumption structures are improved during the above period, the reduction potential can be even greater, e.g. the emission peak can arrive five years earlier (in the year of 2025) and the peak value can decline by about 8% as compared to the original estimation. Reviewing the trajectory of emission changes in developed countries indicates that the industry sector can contribute to the overall reduction targets through the dual wheels of structural reduction and intensity reduction, even beyond the emission peak. This article concludes with the following policy suggestions. (1) Our estimation on the emission peak of the industrial sector suggests that China should avoid any commitment earlier than 2030 on the timeline of the overall emission peak; (2) the great potential of industrial emission reduction can improve the situation of China in climate change negotiation, where the intensity reduction can serve as an important policy option. (3) Reduction potential can be further enhanced through technology advancement, which requires furthering of market oriented reforms and improvement of institutional design. (4) To secure the reduction effects of the industrial structure adjustment, the balanced development among different regions should be encouraged in order to avoid the reverse adjustment caused by industrial transferring. (5) International cooperation promoting the application and development of industrial emission reduction technologies, including carbon capture, utilization and storage, should be encouraged.     

淄博市涂装行业VOCs排放水平及减排潜力

为了评估淄博市涂装行业的挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放水平和减排潜力,对3个具有代表性的涂装行业：汽车制造涂装行业、木制家具涂装行业和金属表面涂装行业的8个典型企业展开实地调研;在此基础上采用实测法、物料衡算法和排放因子法核算企业的VOCs排放量,建立本地化排放因子,并与包括AP-42在内的国内外其他研究进行对比,评估企业排放水平;基于物料衡算法核算减排潜力;并采用显著性差异分析法研究各环节管控的影响程度.结果表明,淄博市汽车制造行业VOCs的排放因子为4.38 kg ·辆^-1,木制家具涂装行业的排放因子（以涂料计）为212.52 g ·kg^-1,金属表面涂装行业的排放因子（以涂料计）为42.79 g ·kg^-1;家具企业C的源头减排潜力及金属G和F的过程减排潜力能够达到50%以上;各环节管控的影响程度从高到低依次为：源头>过程>末端.     

化肥减量有机替代对紫色土旱坡地土壤氮磷养分及作物产量的影响

化肥减量配施有机肥是实现环境友好,保持耕地质量的国家战略,对防治土壤污染和实现农业可持续发展具有重要意义.以三峡库区紫色土旱坡地为研究对象,通过田间试验研究了在油菜/玉米轮作模式下,对照处理、常规施肥、优化施肥、生物炭（化肥减量配施生物炭）及秸秆还田（化肥减量配施秸秆还田）这5个处理对土壤氮、磷形态、作物氮磷含量、肥料利用率及作物产量的影响.结果表明,土壤铵态氮含量在油菜季的秸秆处理最高,为4.51 mg·kg^-1.各处理玉米季的土壤铵态氮和碱解氮含量均明显高于油菜季.化肥减量配施有机肥可以保障并提高土壤全氮的含量.其中,秸秆处理的油菜季和玉米季土壤全氮含量均最高,分别为0.56 g·kg^-1和0.60 g·kg^-1.秸秆处理的油菜季土壤有效磷含量最高（0.76 mg·kg^-1）.化肥减量配施有机肥的土壤全磷含量较常规处理没有显著差异（P>0.05）.化肥减量配施有机肥表现出略有增产的趋势,其中生物炭处理的油菜产量最高（2328 kg·hm^-2）;常规处理的玉米产量最高（5838 kg·hm^-2）.无论油菜季还是玉米季,各化肥减量处理较常规处理都普遍提高了氮肥和磷肥的农学利用率.在紫色土地区中,化肥减量配施生物炭和秸秆还田均有利于改善土壤养分、提高化肥利用率,达到减少氮肥、磷肥施用量和提高作物产量的效果.     

浙江省畜禽养殖污染减排对策研究

浙江省畜禽养殖总体数量大、规模小、布局分散,严重影响浙江省水环境质量和农村生态环境质量。本报告以浙江省水环境质量状况、畜禽养殖业调查资料、现状实测数据为研究依据,通过剖析污染结构特征和空间特征,得出浙江省畜禽养殖污染的特点、存在问题及污染物总量减排存在的主要困难。根据各类污染产生机理和排污特征,参考点源污染物排放总量控制的传统思路,探索畜禽养殖污染减排的途径与管理政策集成,推广来端治理与源头控制相结会的生态减排理念．