Incidence rates and risk factors for injury events in high school students in Lijin County, China

PROBLEM: Most investigations of injuries among Chinese populations are focused on urban or better developed areas, fewer on rural or poor areas. METHODS: From September 21 to 27, 2002, an epidemiological investigation of eight kinds of injury-related events was carried out among 1,944 students in 39 classes randomly sampled from middle schools in Lijin County, a rural area. The eight kinds of events were: (a) traffic accidents, (b) poisoning, (c) fall, (d) burn or scald, (e) blunt or sharp tools contact, (f) electrical contact, (g) animal or insect bites, and (h) non-fatal drowning. RESULTS: The total incidence rate of eight kinds of injuries in the previous year was 21.1%. The incidence rate among boys was 24.2%, while that among girls was 17.4%, which was significant (chi-square=13.4, P<0.05). The incidence rate among junior high school students was 23.1%, while that among senior high school students was 15.5%, which was also significant (chi-square=13.2, P<0.05). A case-control study of 410 students with at least one of eight kinds of injury events indicated that students' gender and their mothers' health status were related to their injuries. CONCLUSION: The injury incidence rate in a rural area was less than other results in urban or developed areas. Students' gender and mothers' health status were important factors associated with the occurrence of injury. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: In order to improve the surroundings of the growing population of adolescents, some preventive measures should be put forward, especially to the high-risk students of injury.     

三峡库区虫媒和自然疫源性疾病分析

为了解三峡库区人群近7年来主要虫媒和自然疫源性疾病的发病水平和流行趋势,在选出的15个三峡库区人群健康监测点,按照《三峡库区疾病监测方案》,每月收集传染病发病资料及鼠、蚊类等媒介生物监测资料。结合全国传染病疫情报告系统的有关发病资料,分别进行不同年份、不同地区和不同季节发病趋势的比较和影响因素分析。连续7年的监测结果显示,甲类传染病鼠疫未发生,流行性出血热、钩端螺旋体病、流行性乙型脑炎、疟疾等以病媒生物传播为主要传播途径的虫媒和自然疫源性疾病累计报告病例157例,其总体发病呈下降趋势。疟疾、出血热发病水平明显低于全国,而钩体病和乙脑发病水平则高于全国,除疟疾外的其余3种疾病均伴有小的发病高峰出现,但仍以散发为主。表明这些与环境变化关系较为密切的虫媒和自然疫源性疾病的发生,随着工程施工、移民新址建设和移民搬迁并未发生明显变化。但由于环境因素影响的长期性、复杂性,仍需长期连续地开展监测,密切关注发病趋势的变化。     

Environmental awareness and biodiversity conservation among resettled communal farmers in Gwayi Valley Conservation Area,Zimbabwe

This study was conducted in Gwayi Valley Conservation Area in Zimbabwe. The objective was to evaluate the level of environmental awareness raising among rural communities resettled by government in a wildlife conservation area and their behavior and actions towards biodiversity conservation. We selected three communities based on the degree of exposure to environmental awareness campaigns by various government departments and non-governmental organizations. This formed a gradient of exposure to environmental awareness campaigns, ranging from the most accessible and exposed community (Hangano), moderately exposed (Gwayi) through to the least accessible and exposed community (Karna). We used focus group discussions, key informant interviews and structured interviews with 95 respondents in the selected communities from November 2016 to April 2017. Through public awareness raising, a number of conservation groups were established including fire and hunting committees, anti-poaching teams and environmental resource monitors. While these groups were found to be either inactive or less effective in Gwayi and Karna, all were found to be very active and effective in Hangano. Similarly, community behavior and actions that caused biodiversity loss such as indiscriminate cutting of live trees, poaching, streambank cultivation, fishing in rivers with nets and use of sledges were much reduced in Hangano than in Gwayi and Karna. Frequent environmental awareness campaigns played a critical role in promoting biodiversity in Hangano. We conclude that substantial gains can be made in environmental conservation by investing more in public awareness campaigns, particularly in developing countries such as Zimbabwe where financial resources for conservation are scarce.     

Can climate mitigation help the poor? Measuring impacts of the CDM in rural China

This study examines whether investment in climate change mitigation contributes to poverty alleviation. We investigate the impacts of the renewable energy-based clean development mechanism (RE-CDM) projects on rural communities in China. The impacts of RE-CDM projects are estimated by combining propensity score matching with the difference-in-differences approach. We found that the biomass-based CDM projects significantly contribute to income improvement and employment generation in rural communities in China. Our estimation results also reveal that wind energy-based CDM projects have the potential to increase income and the share of labor force in the primary industry in rural areas. These results suggest different channels through which renewable energy sources affect income.     

Trends and sources of particulate matter in the Superstition Wilderness using air trajectory and aerosol cluster analysis

Ambient aerosols adversely affect human health and visibility and impact climate. Identification of sources of particulate matter and its precursors is necessary for developing control strategies. The goal of this research is to utilize long-term speciated particulate matter data and back-trajectory cluster analyses to determine trends and sources of particulate matter in the Superstition Wilderness, a rural area east of Phoenix, Arizona. Twenty-four hour back-trajectories were calculated for every hour of every 24-h particulate matter sample obtained by IMPROVE from 1991 to 2004. Days that included back-trajectories with considerable spatial variance were excluded from further analyses. To minimize uncertainties inherent in single trajectories, all calculated trajectories for each sampling day were averaged to represent the air mass sampled during that day. Cluster analysis of trajectories identified four unique regions, including a region with Phoenix, a region with copper smelters, and one with coal-fired power plants. Yearly averages of sulfate, nitrate, soil, and carbon concentrations were calculated for each region. Statistically significant trends in species concentrations by region and independent of region and differences in concentrations between regions were examined.Sulfate concentrations from the region with smelters were higher than other regions but decreased during the study period. Emissions data from the smelters indicate that much of the sulfate from the region was due to the smelters. The overall 2.2% year⁻¹ decrease in sulfate concentrations at TNM is likely due to decreased emissions from the copper smelters. A 3.6% year⁻¹ increase in nitrate concentrations was driven largely by increasing NO_x concentrations from Phoenix and to a lesser extent the region southwest of the site which includes Tucson and suburban/urban areas between Phoenix and Tucson. Soil concentrations were higher from regions with deserts than the region without desert. This method could not identify trends or source regions of carbonaceous aerosols at this site.     

三峡库区规模化顺坡沟垄果园氮、磷输出过程及流失负荷

通过对三峡库区顺坡垄沟构型的规模化柑橘园集水区次降雨过程径流氮、磷进行动态监测,分析典型降雨事件氮和磷流失负荷,并探讨了规模化柑橘种植对土壤氮磷流失及入库河流水环境的影响.结果表明:①顺坡沟垄柑橘园集水区径流氮和磷年流失负荷分别为13.43 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)和1.26 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),春季施肥及强降雨冲刷是集水区污染物高负荷的主要原因;②集水区全年总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的EMC为8.49 mg·L~(-1)和0.87 mg·L~(-1),超过发生水体富营养化含量标准;③春季施肥后的2场典型降雨中,长历时暴雨径流硝态氮(NN)和溶解态磷(DP)负荷为4.94 kg·hm~(-2)和0.28 kg·hm~(-2),分别占TN和TP流失负荷的92.90%和64.69%;短历时大雨径流NN和DP负荷为0.52 kg·hm~(-2)和0.05 kg·hm~(-2),分别占TN和TP的65.92%和74.88%,溶解态氮和磷是顺坡沟垄坡面果园径流氮和磷流失的主要途径;④集水区氮磷流失表现出显著的"初始冲刷效应",初期20%的地表径流流失了58.0%的TN, 57.0%的DN, 58.5%的NN, 79.0%的AN, 62.0%的TP, 63.5%的DP和60.0%的PP,控制初期地表径流对降低入库径流养分具有重要作用.     

三峡库区社区水平乡村路网对森林景观变化的影响

人为扰动是短时空尺度内森林景观变化或用途转换的主要动力,而乡村路网则成为人为扰动拓展的主要通道。基于1992、2002、2014年三峡库区重庆市石柱县西沱镇3期遥感影像和实地调研数据,在ArcGIS平台支持下,研究社区水平乡村路网对森林景观变化的影响。结果表明：1）1992—2014年研究区乡村路网影响域内次生林、退化林地和耕地的动态变化较显著,集中分布在中西部平坦区。1992—2002年乡村路网缓冲区内森林景观整体呈退化趋势,退化类型以次生林→退化林地、次生林→耕地、退化林地→耕地为主,演化量达1 705.91 hm²;2002—2014年乡村路网缓冲区内森林景观主要呈恢复趋势,恢复类型以耕地→退化林地、耕地→次生林、退化林地→次生林和原始林→退化原始林为主,演化量达1 674.52 hm²。2）相比发现,前一时期研究区乡村路网长度的增加和路网材质的提升很大程度上驱动森林景观的退化,而后一时期低等级路段的消失、废弃或利用率的降低则有助于森林景观的恢复,消失路段恢复率近100%。3）研究有助于丰富人们对社区水平乡村路网影响森林景观变化的理解与认识,为生态文明建设中合理规划乡村路网提供科学依据。     

旅游体验对旅游者环境态度和环境行为影响的纵向追踪研究

目前国内关于旅游体验对环境态度和行为影响的纵向追踪研究较为缺乏。论文以自然旅游地黄山为案例地,通过纵向调查,采用配对样本t检验比较同一批次旅游者游前、游后以及3个月后的环境态度和环境行为。研究发现：1）旅游体验对旅游者环境态度基本没有影响。2）旅游体验对旅游者环境行为存在显著影响。短期影响表现为：特定地点环境责任行为中的教育、身体和法律行动显著改善,一般环境责任行为中教育、消费、说服、身体和法律行动显著改善;长期影响表现为：特定地点环境责任行为中的教育、消费、身体行动和一般环境责任行为中的消费、身体、法律行动显著改善。环境行为的改变主要是通过旅游体验中的认知和情感刺激引起的,包括预期愧疚、集体自豪感、环境知识、负面后果认知、自我效能、环境解说等因素。文章最后讨论了管理意义和研究不足。     

上海世博规划区交通干道污染物对流扩散研究

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术,对不同来流风速大小、风向条件下的上海世博规划区内四条主要交通干道上的交通污染物对流扩散进行了三维数值仿真。获得了不同工况下交通污染物浓度的空间分布。通过数值仿真结果分析,探明了交通干道上的机动车尾气排放对世博规划区内空气质量的影响(各工况下世博规划区内的CO最大浓度为0.25～0.59mg/m3;东南、东北和南风向下规划区内的NO2最大浓度分别为0.037mg/m3、0.03mg/m3和0.03mg/m3,而北风和西风下规划区建筑群内NO2最大浓度分别为0.068mg/m3和0.12mg/m)3,并揭示出应该重视靠近交通干道的建筑物附近的空气质量改善,特别是要重视靠近卢浦大桥两侧的建筑群周围空气质量改善(卢浦大桥两侧的建筑群周围NO2最大浓度已稍大于《环境空气质量标准》规定的一级标准浓度限值)。     

天津滨海新区再生资源产业发展对策

天津滨海新区再生资源产业以废弃物流通、加工利用为主营内容,具有补链特征与技术先进性,主要为滨海新区提供生产性服务。为了适应滨海新区发展所提出的要求,再生资源产业应不断提高资源供给能力,扩展服务对象,提高资源流通和集散能力,并挖掘向再制造产业延伸的潜力。建议尽快制定滨海新区再生资源产业发展规划和实施指导方案,实行优先采购制度,并鼓励再生资源企业参与社会回收体系的建立,完善再生资源产业运输和物流系统,不断提高产业的升级能力。