Effects of Simulated Sulphuric Acid Deposition On Calluna Vulgaris/Peat Microcosms and Associated Soil Solutions

Calluna vulgaris/peat microcosms have been used in an outdoor simulated acid rain experiment to test a series of hypotheses about sulphuric acid deposition effects upon the growth of Calluna on peat soil, namely: (1) Initially, enhanced acid input will enhance base cation and ammonium concentrations in soil solution. This may enhance uptake of these species, increasing foliar concentrations of base cations and nitrogen, and possibly foliar chlorophyll a and b concentrations. (2) If changes are induced in nutritional status, they may influence plant growth. (3) in the longer term, enhanced ammonium and base cation solubility occurring as a consequence of cation exchange reactions will lead, especially in winter months, to enhanced leaching losses. Hence any positive effects upon plant nutrition will not be sustainable. (4) the peat will acidify significantly over two years, in the shorter term primarily as a consequence of an enhanced mobile anion effect. (5) Acidification may reduce the rate of mineralisation of organic phosphorus and, in a phosphorus-deficient peat soil, this may lead to reduced foliar phosphate concentration and possibly induce phosphorus deficiency.

Most of these hypotheses were supported to some extent by the experimental results. the peat soil solution pH fell immediately in response to the acid treatments, and longer-term acidification continued progressively over the two years of the experiment. in the first year, the treatments significantly influenced the calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen status of the leaves from Calluna new shoots, whereas in the second year calcium, potassium and phosphorus were influenced. However, in both years foliar phosphate concentration was enhanced, rather than reduced, in response to increased acid load. Foliar carbon and nitrogen concentrations fell with increasing acidity of     

The Loch Fleet Project in the Context of Acidification Reduction Measures

At Loch Fleet, and in other liming studies in similar environments, catchment liming is successful if an adequate amount of lime is added to hydrological source areas. Geochemical modelling demonstrates that the relatively late acidification of L. Fleet is consistent with the ameliorating effect of an alkaline groundwater input: the presence of this input implies that had the Loch not been limed in 1985 it would have recovered to conditions suitable for fish in about 20 years, given current commitments to sulphur emission reductions. Lakes without similar alkaline groundwater are not likely to recover as quickly. the different consequences of liming and emission reduction as methods of restoring acid waters are reviewed and contrasted. Restoration of waters by liming may result in some undesirable effects on the terrestrial catchment: these are discussed but it is concluded that catchment liming, used with discrimination, can be an acceptable management tool.     

Non-Timber forest products: Conservation status and management priorities in the community managed forests of Andhra Pradesh,South India

Primary surveys were conducted in 20 villages and an equal number of community managed forests (CMFs) of two districts, Adilabad and Chittoor in the state of Andhra Pradesh in southern India. The interviews conducted with 216 respondents listed a total of 22 and 23 non-timber forest products (NTFP) from Adilabad and Chittoor districts, respectively, of which 15 species were common to both study districts. Eight of these NTFPs, including, Sterculia urens, Thysanolena maxima, Sapindus emerginatus, Dendrocalamus strictus, Pongamia pinnata, Schleichera oleosa, Azadirachta indica and Diospyros melenoxylon were collected for commercial purposes. The vegetation survey was conducted in a total of 240 sample plots in 20 CMFs, and found 15 NTFP species from Adilabad and 18 NTFP species from Chittoor. The density of NTFP trees in Adilabad was 52 trees/ha, as against an overall tree density of 278 trees/ha, while in Chittoor it was only 28 trees/ha as against an overall density of 110 trees/ha. The regeneration density of NTFP species was, however, higher in Chittoor. Some of the NTFP species, prioritized for conservation, included Sterculia urens, Tamarindus indica, Phyllanthus emblica, Strychnos nuxvomica, S. potatorum and Anogeissus latifolia.     

城市污水厂H2S排放浓度与水质和泥质指标的相关性

于2011年7月—2012年11月对某污水厂进水单元(包括进水泵房、格栅和曝气沉砂池)、污泥浓缩池及储泥池中ρ(H₂S)及其对应的污水水质〔温度、ρ(DO)、pH、ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(硫化物)〕和污泥泥质指标〔w(AVS)(AVS为酸可挥发性硫化物)、ORP(氧化还原电位)、温度、pH〕进行了长期监测,分别采用单因素和多因素统计方法分析了ρ(H₂S)与污水水质、污泥泥质指标之间的相关性. 结果表明:监测期间进水泵房、格栅、曝气沉砂池、污泥浓缩池及储泥池中的ρ(H₂S)分别为0.08~4.27、0.04~111.61、0.16~115.69、0.007~0.04和0.21~4.00mg/m3. 进水泵房、格栅和曝气沉砂池中的ρ(H₂S)与污水温度呈显著正相关,与污水pH、 ρ(DO)呈显著负相关. 当污水温度低于15℃、ρ(DO)高于0.20mg/L或pH高于7.2时,进水泵房、格栅、曝气沉砂池中ρ(H₂S)维持在较低的水平,分别低于0.27、3.90和7.34mg/m3. 污泥浓缩池和储泥池中ρ(H₂S)与污泥w(AVS)呈显著正相关,与ORP呈显著负相关.      

高效稠油降解菌DL1-G的筛选及降解特性

从大连保税库区稠油污染土壤中分离出1株稠油降解菌DL1-G,经形态观察、生化鉴定、16S rRNA序列及系统发育分析,鉴定该菌株为弯曲芽孢杆菌(Bacillus flexus).菌株DL1-G在第9d对稠油的降解率为39.89%,饱和烃和芳香烃的总含量降低了68.30%;GC-MS分析显示,饱和烃中nC11~nC38、nC6~nC30-烷基环已烷及姥鲛烷(27.179min)、植烷(30.657min)降解完全、未检出,C14~C16二环倍半萜烷及8α(H)-补身烷、8β(H)-补身烷、8β(H)-升补身烷降解率达99%以上,13β(H),14α(H)-C19~C29三环萜烷共降解了36.32%,11种甾烷类化合物共降解了12.04%;芳烃中萘系物、菲系物、芴系物、二苯并噻吩系物、联苯系物、甲基芘系物等都有不同程度降解,其中萘系物、芴系物、二苯并噻吩系物的降解率均达90%以上;菌株DL1-G对多环芳烃(PAHs)中的蒽、菲、芴、芘、萘的降解率分别达98.55%、97.16%、82.98%、64.85%、63.61%,表明该菌株在稠油污染治理方面具有良好的应用潜力.     

应用PCR-DGGE分析三江湿地土壤真菌群落结构的多样性

采用PCR-DGGE技术,研究毛苔草湿地土壤、小叶章湿地土壤(氮肥施用量分别为0、20、40和60 kg/hm2)和岛状林湿地土壤在生长期(2010年7月和2011年6月)和凋落期(2010年10月)的真菌群落结构变化规律. 结果表明:湿地植物生长期和凋落期真菌群落结构差异显著;退化程度较高的岛状林湿地土壤真菌群落的多样性指数最高,2010年7月、10月和2011年6月多样性指数分别为3.22、3.25和3.21;在小叶章湿地土壤中添加氮肥20～40 kg/hm2,2010年7月、10月和2011年6月湿地土壤真菌群落的多样性指数分别升至0.27、0.15和0.05. 对湿地土壤真菌18S rDNA基因测序分析可知,三江湿地土壤真菌类群主要包括外囊菌纲(Taphrinomycetes)、座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes)和锤舌菌纲(Leotiomycetes),其中锤舌菌纲是该湿地主要的土壤真菌类群.      

一株脱硫菌的鉴定及其对H2S的降解能力

取污水处理厂有生物活性的污泥,经富集培养、分离纯化得到1株脱硫活性较高的菌株CTD843-T-3,将其载入生物滴滤塔中对H2S进行连续脱硫反应.当最佳反应温度为30℃、pH为6.0、H2S进口浓度为500～3000mg·m-3时,菌株对H2S的去除率可保持在92％以上,H2S最高负荷率可达6.5g·m-3·h-1.通过形态生理特征和16SrDNA序列分析对CTD843-T-3进行鉴定,结果表明该菌株为椭球状,大小为0.4～0.6μm,为革兰阴性菌,属假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).     

福建省水土流失强度的地统计分析

结合"3S"技术与野外调查,提取土地利用、植被覆盖度和坡度等信息,生成1995、2000和2007年水土流失现状图,采用地统计模型对3个年份水土流失强度进行计算。结果表明:福建省水土流失强度可用球状的半方差函数模型进行模拟,其方向约呈北北东-南南西走向,与地形走向大体一致;水土流失强度的基台值不断减少,整体向轻度化和均质化方向发展。1995年福建省水土流失强度的结构方差所占比例为12.31%,块金方差所占比例为87.69%,2000年分别为3.51%和96.49%,2007年分别为2.94%和97.06%,块金方差占主导地位且呈上升趋势,表明水土流失强度受多种因素综合影响且人为活动等随机性因素的影响不断加强,小尺度上人为活动等随机性因素为主导因素而中尺度上反之。今后研究中应进一步探讨结构性因素和随机性因素的内涵,并加强小尺度水土流失空间变异中人为活动影响的研究。     

16S rDNA克隆文库方法分析好氧颗粒污泥细菌组成

采用构建16S rDNA克隆文库方法对好氧颗粒污泥的细菌种群多样性进行研究. 随机测定了82个克隆子序列(700 bp),Blast比对结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥中微生物群落具有高度多样性,可分为7个主要类群,其中,β变形菌(β-Proteobacteria)类群和鞘脂杆菌(Sphingobacteria)类群在文库中所占比例最大,分别为34.16%和30.50%;其次是Candidate division TM7类群、黄杆菌(Flavobacteria)类群和γ变形菌(γ-Proteobacteria)类群,分别为9.76%,7.32%和7.32%;放线菌(Actinobacteria)类群和α变形菌(α-Proteobacteria)类群所占比例相对较小,分别为4.88%和1.22%. 序列分析结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥中不仅含有对好氧颗粒污泥形成和稳定运行具有重要作用的食酸菌属(Acidovorax)细菌、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)等细菌,还含有对CODCr和氨氮具有很好去除能力的Micropruina glycogenica,丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)等细菌.      

利用PCR-DGGE技术分析乳制品中的乳酸菌

在食品发酵行业,需要一种简捷有效的方法检测发酵产品中的有益微生物.聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(Ploymerase chain reaction and denaturing gredient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)技术广泛应用于微生物生态学的研究.采用PCR-DGGE对5种含有乳酸菌的乳制品进行了菌群组成分析,并通过传统培养方法和核酸序列分析进行了验证.结果表明,所有测试样品中的活菌数量都在106～109 cfu/mL之间,通过平板培养法分离出了形态明显的杆状菌和链球状菌,对其进行16S rDNA核酸序列测定及同源性分析,将其鉴定为德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii)和嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus).建立了由已知乳酸菌组成的DGGE参考阶梯(Reference ladder),可用其对相应菌株进行DGGE鉴定.用两对不同引物进行PCR-DGGE分析,除样品1外,试样中均检测到德氏乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌.对DGGE参考阶梯未能直接鉴定的样品1的电泳条带进行同收、序列分析,分别鉴定为卷曲乳杆菌(L.crispatus)和鼠李糖乳杆菌(L.rhamnosus).同时发现,引物R518-F357对嗜热链球菌模板的识别效率高于引物Lac1GC-HDA2.以上结果表明,RCRDGGE技术可以对样品中的乳酸菌进行快速的分析和鉴定.图4表1参30