高效降氰菌的筛选及其特性研究

本研究从电镀废水中分离出了三株能够高效降解自由氰根的菌种，并对这三株菌的生长曲线和影响其降解氰化物的因素进行了研究。结果表明，这三株菌分别属于青霉属、木霉属和酵母属，并命名为M3、Mw4和Ms；其最大生长量的时间分别为15、20和18小时；当CN^-初始浓度为80mg／L时，M3菌16h内降解氰化物的最优条件是pH为5-7、温度为20℃～30℃、摇床转速为130rpm、接种量为10％。在此条件下，M3菌将80mg/L CN^-降解到0．22mg/L，降氰率达到98．9％。该研究结果可为微生物在处理含氰废水的实际应用提供依据。     

马斯京根洪水演算模型的改进--兼论其参数的蚁群算法率定

针对马斯京根洪水演算模型的近似性问题，用曲线积分法改进了原模型中时段流量的简单算术平均值法，并利用连续性空间优化问题的蚁群算法对改进的马斯京根洪水演算模型进行参数最优估计，使演算流量更加接近实际。     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨不同种源苗期生长动态研究

采用Logistic曲线对胡杨、灰叶胡杨不同种源苗高与地径生长进行拟合,并估测了速生期的2个拐点及其长度。结果表明:①高、径生长均符合"S"型曲线,年生长可划分为生长初期、速生期、硬化期三个时期;②径生长速生期起始时间均早于高生长,而结束时间要晚于高生长;③胡杨高、径生长速生期起始、结束时间均早于灰叶胡杨,并且持续天数也低于灰叶胡杨。     

IMPROVED RAINFALL/RUNOFF ESTIMATES USING REMOTELY SENSED SOIL MOISTURE1

ABSTRACT: Remotely sensed soil moisture data measured during the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) experiment in Oklahoma were used to characterize antecedent soil moisture conditions for the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number method. The precipitation‐adjusted curve number and the soil moisture were strongly related (r²= 0.70). Remotely sensed soil moisture fields were used to adjust the curve numbers and the runoff estimates for five watersheds, in the Little Washita watershed; the results ranged from 2.8 km² to 601.6 km². The soil moisture data were applied at two spatial scales, a finer one (800 m) measuring spatial resolution and a coarser one (28 km). The root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) of the runoff estimated by the standard SCS method was reduced by nearly 50 percent when the 800 m soil moisture data were used to adjust the curve number. The coarser scale soil moisture data also significantly reduced the error in the runoff predictions with 41 percent and 28 percent reductions in MAE and RMSE, respectively. The results suggest that remote sensing of soil moisture, when combined with the SCS method, can improve rainfall runoff predictions at a range of spatial scales.     

COMPOSITE VS. DISTRIBUTED CURVE NUMBERS: EFFECTS ON ESTIMATES OF STORM RUNOFF DEPTHS1

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Department of Agriculture Curve Number (CN) method is one of the most common and widely used techniques for estimating surface runoff and has been incorporated into a number of popular hydrologic models. The CN method has traditionally been applied using compositing techniques in which the area weighted average of all curve numbers is calculated for a watershed or a small number of sub-watersheds. CN compositing was originally developed as a time saving procedure, reducing the number of runoff calculations required. However, with the proliferation of high speed computers and geographic information systems, it is now feasible to use distributed CNs when applying the CN method. To determine the effect of using composited versus distributed CNs on runoff estimates, two simulations of idealized watersheds were developed to compare runoff depths using composite and distributed CNs. The results of these simulations were compared to the results of similar analyses performed on an urbanizing watershed located in central Indiana and show that runoff depth estimates using distributed CNs are as much as 100 percent higher than when composited CNs are used. Underestimation of runoff due to CN compositing is a result of the curvilinear relationship between CN and runoff depth and is most severe for wide CN ranges, low CN values, and low precipitation depths. For larger design storms, however, the difference in runoff computed using composite and distributed CNs is minimal.     

阜康市工业废气排放的环境库兹涅茨曲线变异研究

收集了1999年至2013年新疆阜康市人均GDP及人均工业废气排放量相关数据，通过Eviews软件对其进行拟合分析，运用环境库兹涅茨曲线理论，认为阜康市工业废气排放在2000年以后呈下降趋势，但在2008年以后上升，并在2012年出现下降趋势。结合阜康市的工业发展和环境政策对这一现象进行分析，认为阜康市环境保护工作任重道远但已呈现出良好开端，并提出改善对策。     

乌鲁木齐城市化进程与大气污染关系研究

以乌鲁木齐市为研究区,选取乌鲁木齐市2004—2013年11项城市化指标以及3项大气污染指标,得出城市化水平综合指数以及大气污染水平综合指数。将城市化综合水平作为解释变量,SO2、NO2、PM10污染综合指数、大气污染综合指数分别作为被解释变量,分析城市化水平与大气污染状况,分别对其进行二次曲线回归分析以及三次曲线回归分析,得出乌鲁木齐市2004—2013年城市化进程与大气污染之间的演化规律。     

考虑干密度影响的尾矿材料土水特征曲线模型及其应用

尾矿坝在运行过程中,堆积尾矿处于干湿交替环境,进行稳定性分析需要确定其抗剪强度和渗透系数。直接测量上述参数存在价格昂贵、耗时等缺点,而土水特征曲线是研究土的非饱和特性的重要工具。针对典型的尾矿材料,分别进行不同干密度尾矿样的脱水试验,测量不同吸力下尾矿样的含水量。在此基础上,整理得到不同干密度下尾矿样的土水特征曲线,采用Gardner模型对其进行拟合,得到考虑干密度影响的尾矿材料土水特征曲线模型。最后,将其应用于尾矿边坡的稳定性分析中,探求基质吸力对边坡稳定性的影响。研究成果可为尾矿材料的力学特性以及非饱和尾矿坝稳定性分析提供理论基础。     

武汉市耕地非农化的空间非均衡发展与空间扩散路径分析

在5 期时间跨度20 多年的武汉市土地利用数据基础上,利用ArcGIS 的空间统计和空间分析功能,拟合出武汉市耕地非农化的空间洛仑兹曲线并制作了基于耕地非农化速度分级的重心曲线,结合统计数据分析耕地非农化扩散路径及其与经济、人口重心曲线变化的相关关系。研究结果表明:①武汉市是个典型的单中心城市,其耕地分布不均衡,耕地非农化仍是在围绕城市中心进行,耕地非农化在乡镇级别上是非均衡发展的,但非均衡程度在逐年减缓;②基于耕地非农化速度分级的耕地非农化重心曲线表明,耕地非农化速度快的点到速度慢的点的密度有逐步降低的趋势,并且速度快的点到速度慢的点还有向外围扩散的趋势;③武汉市耕地非农化扩散路径、GDP重心变化路径和人口重心变化路径在移动方向上大体上都符合在南北向是向北,转而向南又复向北;而在东西向是先向西然后向东,武汉市的耕地非农化与经济和人口的相关性表明武汉市的耕地非农化在空间上是有序发展的。研究结果能较好地揭示武汉市耕地非农化的空间非均衡发展状况,实现了武汉市耕地非农化空间非均衡发展的可视化,反映了武汉市耕地非农化、经济和人口之间的关系。     

非典型约束形式下海洋平台波纹板舱室抗爆能力评估

针对非典型约束条件即底部端面梁固定约束、其他各端面梁连接约束的海洋平台关键舱室,其波纹板舱壁在油气爆炸载荷下抗爆能力研究不足,采用数值模拟方法,结合考虑材料应变率效应的实验验证,分析爆炸载荷下舱壁动力响应及破坏模式。由传统位移指标不能准确评估该模型的抗爆能力,提出基于应变的评价指标,以此建立P-I评估曲线。研究表明舱壁与底部端面梁连接部位首先达到最大破裂应变发生破裂,其为超压与冲量共同作用结果;舱室可抵抗超压40 kPa、冲量230 kPa·ms的载荷而不发生塑性变形;舱室可抵抗超压85 kPa、冲量400 kPa·ms的载荷而不发生破裂。提出的以应变为指标的P-I曲线可量化舱壁损伤评估区间,结合爆炸载荷值,准确评估舱壁抗爆能力及损伤大小,为工程人员优化舱壁抗爆能力、确定灾后控制措施提供指导。