基于响应面法SCR脱硝反应器喷氨格栅的优化研究

利用计算流体动力学（CFD）方法,采用k-e湍流模型和组分运输模型对SCR脱硝反应器的氨浓度场进行了数值模拟,并通过实验验证了反应器内氨浓度场数值模拟的准确性,同时,基于响应面法研究了喷氨格栅各结构参数和系统运行参数对SCR脱硝反应器内氨浓度场的影响.结果表明,喷口密度N,开孔率ψ,喷口角度α及入口风速v对氨浓度分布均匀性都存在着一定影响,其中影响的显著性为N>α>v>ψ.而且存在着一组最优的喷氨格栅结构参数和最佳的系统运行参数能够使SCR脱硝反应器内的氨浓度分布不均匀系数达到最优值.在本文研究的参数范围内,喷氨格栅最优的结构参数分别是：r=8个、d=57mm、α=90°,系统最佳的运行参数为v=8.17m/s,此时氨浓度分布不均匀系数为0.0151.     

硫自养反硝化系统运行效能和微生物群落结构研究

启动了单质硫自养反硝化反应器并研究其脱氮性能,通过血清瓶批式实验测定了污泥的反硝化活性,并采用扫描电镜和高通量测序手段揭示了系统内微生物群落结构特征.结果表明,SBR反应器进水NO₃^--N浓度为80mg/L,随水力停留时间由12h逐渐缩短为6h,反应器的自养脱氮性能逐渐增强,稳定期反应器的总无机氮去除率达99.1%,总无机氮去除负荷平均值为0.158kg N/（m³·d）;SBR周期内NO₂^--N浓度最大值为13.3mg/L,NO₃^--N还原为NO₂^--N过程pH值由7.38降低至6.94,NO₂^--N还原为N₂过程pH值基本不变;批式实验结果表明,硫自养反硝化和异养反硝化NO₃^--N去除速率分别为0.515,0.196kg N/（kg VSS·d）,硫自养反硝化污泥NO₂^--N降解速率为0.117kg N/（kg VSS·d）,污泥同时具有自养反硝化和异养反硝化活性;扫描电镜显示,污泥中存在大量的杆状细菌和球状菌;污泥中主要的硫反硝化细菌分别为Thiobacillus、Sulfurimonas和Thermomonas属,其相对丰度分别为14.5%、7.6%和6.0%.     

稻壳基活性炭催化剂的低温NH3-SCR抗硫性能

以稻壳基活性炭（DAC）为载体,利用等体积浸渍法制备了DAC负载Mn、Ce氧化物的Mn-Ce/DAC脱硝催化剂,并用于氨法SCR反应.采用N₂吸附、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和程序升温吸附脱附（TPR/TPD）等手段对催化剂的物理化学性能进行了表征.结果发现与商业木屑基活性炭负载Mn、Ce氧化物催化剂（Mn-Ce/MAC）相比,Mn-Ce/DAC具有更高的Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺比率、表面化学吸附氧含量以及表面Brønsted酸性位点,这与其优良的低温SCR活性及抗硫抗水性能直接相关.原位红外光谱结果显示在含硫气氛中Mn-Ce/DAC表面的硫酸盐含量明显低于Mn-Ce/MAC,表明前者具有优良抗硫性能.     

Deactivation of Cu-SAPO-34 by urea-related deposits at low temperatures and the regeneration

Selective catalytic reduction(SCR) with urea catalyzed by Cu-SAPO-34 is an effective method to eliminate NO_x from diesel exhaust. However, urea-related deposits may form during cold-start and urban driving due to low exhaust temperatures. The activity of CuSAPO-34 at 175°C is significantly degraded by urea exposure, and 300°C is required for regeneration. Through in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS) and temperature-programmed hydrolysis studies, the dominant stable deposit at 175°C is identified as biuret, which can be eliminated at 300°C. The urea-derived deactivation and regeneration mechanisms of Cu-SAPO-34 were compared with those of anatase-supported catalysts.     

基质比对ABR厌氧氨氧化工艺脱氮性能的影响

为解决厌氧氨氧化底物去除不彻底导致总氮去除偏低的问题,通过控制不同的进水基质比,对厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)的厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能进行了研究.结果表明,ABR厌氧氨氧化系统最佳进水N_2~O--N/NH+4-N为1.34,此时NH+4-N和N_2~O--N的去除率同时达到99.99%左右,总氮去除率达到峰值为87%,当进水N_2~O--N/NH+4-N从1逐渐降低至0.49和从1.34逐渐提高至1.62时,反应器对NH+4-N和N_2~O--N的绝对去除量较为稳定,NH+4-N或N_2~O--N过量对ABR厌氧氨氧化系统没有产生明显抑制;此外,不同基质比条件下,NH+4-N和N_2~O--N的去除基本在第1隔室完成,基质比变化对ABR各隔室的脱氮效果没有产生显著影响,ABR厌氧氨氧化系统对基质浓度的变化具有较好的稳定性.     

四级串联厌氧反应器对阿卡波糖废渣的减量处理

发酵生产阿卡波糖的过程会产生大量发酵废渣,该废渣处理成本高昂且易造成环境污染。因此,寻找高效环保和低成本的废渣减量处理方法,是目前亟需解决的问题。采用四级串联厌氧反应器对阿卡波糖废渣液进行减量处理,经过启动阶段和负荷提高阶段,共运行68 d。其中,负荷提高阶段增加水解酸化罐作为预处理工艺,两阶段有机负荷分别为1.16,3.32 kg/(m3·d)。结果表明:水解酸化罐作为预处理工艺可提高系统稳定性;系统运行后期可溶性COD去除率达83.3%,平均容积产气率为0.36 m3/(m3·d),废渣中固体物质的去除率达64%,在2—4号罐体底部观察到直径0.8~2 mm的颗粒污泥形成。     

Removal of antibiotics in a parallel-plate thin-film-photocatalytic reactor: Process modeling and evolution of transformation by-products and toxicity

Photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole(SMX) antibiotic has been studied under recycling batch and homogeneous flow conditions in a thin-film coated immobilized system namely parallel-plate(PPL) reactor. Experimentally designed, statistically evaluated with a factorial design(FD) approach with intent to provide a mathematical model takes into account the parameters influencing process performance. Initial antibiotic concentration, UV energy level, irradiated surface area, water matrix(ultrapure and secondary treated wastewater) and time, were defined as model parameters. A full of 2~5 experimental design was consisted of 32 random experiments. PPL reactor test experiments were carried out in order to set boundary levels for hydraulic, volumetric and defined defined process parameters. TTIP based thin-film with polyethylene glycol + TiO_2 additives were fabricated according to pre-described methodology. Antibiotic degradation was monitored by High Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis while the degradation products were specified by LC–TOF-MS analysis. Acute toxicity of untreated and treated SMX solutions was tested by standard Daphnia magna method. Based on the obtained mathematical model, the response of the immobilized PC system is described with a polynomial equation. The statistically significant positive effects are initial SMX concentration,process time and the combined effect of both, while combined effect of water matrix and irradiated surface area displays an adverse effect on the rate of antibiotic degradation by photocatalytic oxidation. Process efficiency and the validity of the acquired mathematical model was also verified for levofloxacin and cefaclor antibiotics. Immobilized PC degradation in PPL reactor configuration was found capable of providing reduced effluent toxicity by simultaneous degradation of SMX parent compound and TBPs.     

Effects of the support material addition on the hydrodynamic behavior of an anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed reactor

As a support material, zeolite can be used to promote the granulation process due to its high settable property and the ability to retain biomass on its surface. The present paper reports on the influence of zeolite addition on the hydrodynamic behavior of an expanded granular sludge bed reactor (EGSB). Different models were applied to fit the flow pattern and to compare EGSB hydrodynamic performance with and without the addition of zeolite. The experimental data fit the tanks in a series model for zeolite bed height of 5 cm and upflow velocity of 6 m/hr. Higher axial dispersion degree (D/uL) was obtained at lower heights of zeolite. The real hydraulic retention time (HRTr) was increased with both increased zeolite bed height and increased upflow velocity. The short-circuit results for 5 cm of zeolite bed and 6, 8 and 10 m/hr upflow velocity were 0.3, 0.24 and 0.19 respectively, demonstrating the feasibility of using zeolite for a proper hydrodynamic environment to operate the EGSB reactor. The presence of zeolite resulted in the higher percentage values of dead zones, ranging from 12% to 24%. Zeolite addition exerted a positive effect on the hydrodynamics pattern for this technology being advantageous for the anaerobic process because of its possible contribution to better biofilm agglomeration, granule formation and substrate-microorganism contact.     

沼液SBR处理出水养殖螺旋藻

养猪沼液氮磷等营养物质丰富,可作为廉价的螺旋藻培养基,但其成分复杂,尤其是高氨氮等因素严重抑制螺旋藻的生长.采用序批式生物反应器(sequencing batch reactor,SBR)降低沼液中的氨氮浓度,通过改变进水中化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)与总氮(total nitrogen,TN)的比值,研究了沼液中的亚硝态氮及硝态氮的保留情况,为螺旋藻生长提供氮源.通过对比螺旋藻在不同工况出水中的生长情况,以及氮元素的保留情况,筛选出最佳SBR工况.摇瓶试验结果表明,当进水COD/TN=3.0,出水中氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮浓度分别为51.2、91.6、213.1 mg·L~(-1),此时螺旋藻具有较快生长速率,产率达到0.084 g·(L·d)~(-1).在此基础之上,通过放大螺旋藻培养规模至120L,研究了螺旋藻在室外大棚中的生长情况及螺旋藻对沼液中氮、磷元素的去除,结果表明螺旋藻在室外依然生长良好,培养10 d后,产率为(0.075±0.003)g·(L·d)~(-1),螺旋藻蛋白含量达到60%左右,养殖出水中氨氮去除率达到99%.     

CSTR和MBR反应器的短程硝化快速启动

为实现短程硝化的快速启动,采用完全混合反应器(CSTR)和膜生物反应器(MBR)进行短程硝化启动性能对比研究,考察两个反应器在启动时间、氮素转化和污泥性能3个方面的差异.结果表明在进水C/N=1,温度为30℃±1℃,pH为7.5~8.0,DO为0.6~1.0 mg·L~(-1),结合缺氧/好氧比为1∶3(15 min∶45 min)和缩短HRT,CSTR和MBR分别运行56 d和44 d成功启动短程硝化,MBR启动周期较短.运行至第14 d、第28 d和第56 d时,CSTR和MBR亚硝累积率平均为51%、66%、89%和50%、71%、93%,硝酸盐氮生成速率(以NO_3~--N/MLVSS计)依次为7.4、4.0、1.7和7.6、3.5、1.0 mg·(g·h)~(-1),MBR在第28 d和第56 d表现出较高的亚硝累积率和较低的NO_3~--N产率,有利于短程硝化的快速启动.整个运行过程中,两个反应器内的亚硝化污泥均呈黄色,SVI在55~110 mL·g~(-1),MLVSS/MLSS稳定在0.6~0.8左右,良好的污泥性能为CSTR和MBR短程硝化的快速启动创造了有利条件.MBR在短程硝化快速启动中展现出更明显的优势.