节能型焦化污水生物脱氮新工艺的生产性试验研究

采用节能型生物脱氮新工艺对黑龙江某焦化厂的污水处理站进行生产性试验研究,结果表明:处理后出水达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级,并可回用于熄焦。该工艺适合推广应用于焦化污水、垃圾渗滤液、养殖、化肥等高含氮有机污水的处理。     

攀枝花尾矿库溪流中钒的分布及化学形态

采用ICP-AES方法测定攀枝花尾矿库溪流水、悬浮物、沉积物中钒的含量,以及沉积物中钒的化学形态,结果表明:不同介质中钒的含量均高于全球钒的平均值;钒主要存在于沉积物及悬浮物中;水相中钒的含量主要与沉积物中钒的含量及存在形态有关;沉积物中的钒以残留态为主,各形态钒的比例主要受上覆水体理化性质的影响.     

Tb(Ⅲ)对辣根叶片膜脂脂肪酸构成的影响

以辣根为材料,研究叶面喷洒Tb(Ⅲ)对辣根叶片膜脂脂肪酸构成的影响,结果表明,5 mg·l-1和60 mg·l-1 Tb(Ⅲ)均能增加膜脂饱和脂肪酸的百分含量,而降低不饱和脂肪酸含量,尤其是亚麻酸,但5mg·l-1 Tb)(Ⅲ)未能改变不饱和度指数,60 mg·l-1 Tb(Ⅲ)使不饱和度指数显著降低,同时,Tb(Ⅲ)使辣根叶片HRP活性降低,膜脂发生过氧化,表现为MDA含量增加,因此,Tb(Ⅲ)处理下膜脂脂肪酸的变化与Tb(Ⅲ)诱导的自由基升高有关,且在所有脂肪酸中,亚麻酸在稀土对膜脂脂肪酸影响中贡献最大.     

Invasion versus Isolation: Trade-Offs in Managing Native Salmonids with Barriers to Upstream Movement

Abstract: Conservation biologists often face the trade‐off that increasing connectivity in fragmented landscapes to reduce extinction risk of native species can foster invasion by non‐native species that enter via the corridors created, which can then increase extinction risk. This dilemma is acute for stream fishes, especially native salmonids, because their populations are frequently relegated to fragments of headwater habitat threatened by invasion from downstream by 3 cosmopolitan non‐native salmonids. Managers often block these upstream invasions with movement barriers, but isolation of native salmonids in small headwater streams can increase the threat of local extinction. We propose a conceptual framework to address this worldwide problem that focuses on 4 main questions. First, are populations of conservation value present (considering evolutionary legacies, ecological functions, and socioeconomic benefits as distinct values)? Second, are populations vulnerable to invasion and displacement by non‐native salmonids? Third, would these populations be threatened with local extinction if isolated with barriers? And, fourth, how should management be prioritized among multiple populations? We also developed a conceptual model of the joint trade‐off of invasion and isolation threats that considers the opportunities for managers to make strategic decisions. We illustrated use of this framework in an analysis of the invasion‐isolation trade‐off for native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) in 2 contrasting basins in western North America where invasion and isolation are either present and strong or farther away and apparently weak. These cases demonstrate that decisions to install or remove barriers to conserve native salmonids are often complex and depend on conservation values, environmental context (which influences the threat of invasion and isolation), and additional socioeconomic factors. Explicit analysis with tools such as those we propose can help managers make sound decisions in such complex circumstances.     

Use of Approximate Inference in an Index of Completeness of Biological Inventories

Abstract:  To assess the completeness of a floristic or faunal inventory, one may use the ratio of the observed number of species to the true number of species ( C ). If the inventory is complete , C = 1. The estimate of the true number can be obtained from accumulation curves, nonparametric methods, or other techniques. We devised a simple method for computing confidence intervals (CI) for C and for evaluating the null hypothesis that the inventory is complete. The method is based on the assumptions that an estimate of the variance of the true number of species is known and that the distribution of the estimator of the true number of species is approximately normal. We applied our method to bird inventories in the Balsas Basin of Mexico. The completeness index for subtransects were lower (84.0, 85.4, and 89.9%) than for the whole transect (91.6%) (all significantly different from 100%). Thus, these particular inventories were incomplete at 2 spatial resolutions. Our method of estimating CI for C can be used to estimate species richness obtained from databases of different sites or to test the null hypothesis that an inventory derived from a database is complete.     

低温时污泥膨胀对MBR中膜污染的影响

通过一体式膜生物反应装置考察了在低温条件下发生污泥膨胀过程中反应器的运行效果和膜污染的情况,并从微生物角度分析了引起膜污染的因素.结果表明,低温时COD上清液和出水平均去除率分别为85%和92%,发生丝状菌污泥膨胀后去除率变化不大.MBR中丝状菌污泥膨胀形成的过程中,污泥沉降性变差,丝状菌丰度（FI）由2增加到5,丝状菌伸出絮体形成网状结构.低温时膜操作压力随时间呈直线变化,膜组件的水力清洗周期为15 d.在丝状菌大量繁殖时缩短到7 d,膜污染严重.通过测定活性污泥的特性,发现膨胀污泥的胞外聚合物（EPS）总量是正常污泥的3倍,污泥絮体相对疏水性（RH）随FI的提高而增大.EPS和RH增大后会引起更多物质沉积到膜表面,使膜污染速率提高,膜的运行周期变短.进一步的分析表明,混合液粘度、Zeta电位、污泥絮体形态也是影响膜污染的因素.     

利用玉米浸泡液产电的微生物燃料电池研究

以玉米淀粉生产过程中的浸泡液（玉米浸泡液）作为接种液和基质,利用“三合一”膜电极的单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池进行试验,采用在线监测电压和废水分析方法对产电功率和化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮进行测定,探讨高COD、高氨氮有机废水产电及废水处理的可行性.结果表明,经过94 d（1个周期）的连续运行（固定外电阻为1 000 Ω）,17 d时输出电压达到最大（525.0 mV）,稳定期最大输出功率可达169.6 mW/m²,此时电池相应的电流密度为440.2 mA/m²,内阻约为350 Ω,开路电压619.5 mV;但燃料电池电子利用效率较低（库仑效率为1.6%）;1个周期结束时浸泡液的COD去除率达到51.6%,氨氮去除率25.8%.本试验利用玉米浸泡液成功获得电能,同时对浸泡液有效地进行了处理,为其资源化利用提供新途径.     

超声处理对剩余污泥的粒径和溶出物的影响

为了有效地发挥微型动物摄食对剩余污泥的减量作用,研究了超声声能密度和超声时间对剩余污泥的粒径和溶出物(蛋白质、多糖、DNA、COD及BOD)溶出的影响.在脉冲比2:1和超声时间10min的条件下,声能密度为0.2W·mL-1时出现一个污泥粒径变化的转折点,当小于转折点时污泥粒径随声能密度增加明显下降,而当大于转折点时污泥粒径几乎不受声能密度影响.在脉冲比2:1和声能密度0.8W·mL-1的条件下,超声时间5min是个转折点.上清液中溶出物的浓度随超声波声能密度或超声时间的增加而增加,各溶出物指标之间存在显著的相关关系.溶出物指标中蛋白质指标可以较好地反映出污泥破解状态.为了得到既能使污泥粒径变小到微型动物可摄食的程度又能使污泥中溶出物的溶出量最少的效果,建议声能密度或超声时间取上述转折点为限值.个数平均粒径(Dn)和重量平均粒径(Dw)分别反映了污泥的几何粒径变化和溶出物的溶出状况,因此,在超声破解污泥-微型动物摄食污泥的污泥减量工艺中可通过Dn和Dw的并用来决定剩余污泥超声处理的工艺参数.     

生物渗滤池运行参数优化研究

实验针对间歇投配污水的生物渗滤池处理生活废水的一些基本运行参数进行了优化研究。通过对生物渗滤池的出水量、不同填料性质、不同填料粒径以及不同进水水质与污染物(COD)去除率影响的研究,证实该系统的水力负荷与污染物去除率成反向关系,即当水力负荷减少时,污染物去除率会相对增加;研究还表明选用粒径为0.9～2mm自然河沙作为系统填料时,系统COD去除率较高,这时填料不易被堵塞且即使堵塞也较易恢复;运用生物渗滤池处理城市生活污水能使处理后污水COD达到城镇污水处理厂出水排放标准的一级标准。提高污水中营养物质的配比以及采用多级生物渗滤池联用,能高效处理高浓度污水,甚至使出水达标排放。     

以FA与FNA为控制因子的短程硝化启动与维持

为了实现污泥消化液旁侧脱氮,降低主处理区进水氮负荷,试验采用A/O工艺研究消化污泥脱水液短程硝化启动与维持,在常温、长SRT、较高DO条件下,逐步提高进水ALR(以N计)从0.23 kg/(m³·d)到0.78　kg/(m³·d),强化FA对NOB的抑制作用,成功启动了短程硝化.针对废水碱度不足的水质特征,利用FA与FNA的联合抑制使短程硝化得到稳定维持,在稳定运行的30　d内NO^-₂-N积累率一直保持在90%以上.在此期间反应器平均DO浓度一直保持在2 mg/L以上,即使平均DO浓度提高到4.8 mg/L左右,也未出现NO^-₂-N积累率降低,说明利用上述手段维持的短程硝化具有抵抗高DO冲击能力.通过降低进水ALR,导致反应器后段FNA浓度增加,强化了FNA的抑制作用,虽然FA的抑制作用降低,短程硝化仍然连续运行达2个月,当反应器后段FNA的抑制作用撤除后,短程硝化在3　d后被彻底破坏,充分证明了FNA对NOB抑制作用及其对维持本系统短程硝化所起的重要作用.