黄帚橐吾扩散对高寒草甸土壤理化特性及酶活性的影响

黄帚橐吾（Ligularia virgaurea）作为指示高寒草甸退化的重要物种,研究其扩散对高寒草甸土壤特性产生的影响,对揭示黄帚橐吾的入侵机制具有重要意义。以黄帚橐吾微斑块为研究对象,根据密度等级划分6个扩散程度（D0,D1,D2,D3,D4,D5）,并对各密度斑块的土壤理化特性和酶活性进行分析,结果表明：随黄帚橐吾密度的增加,各密度斑块的土壤pH值呈明显降低趋势,土壤含水量和全磷呈先增加后降低的趋势,在D2-D3范围内达到最大值。土壤有机碳呈“N”字形变化,在D2达到最大值,土壤铵态氮含量为D5显著高于D4(P<0.05),硝态氮含量为D0和D2显著高于其余密度斑块（P<0.05）,速效磷含量呈增加趋势,且D4显著高于D0和D3(P<0.05),全钾含量在D0、D3和D4显著高于D1和D2(P<0.05),速效钾含量在D2达到最大值,且显著高于其余斑块（P<0.05）。土壤过氧化氢酶活性呈先增大后降低的趋势,D4显著低于其余斑块（P<0.05）;土壤蔗糖酶活性在各斑块间差异不显著（P>0.05）;D5的中性磷酸酶活性最高且显著高于D0和D...     

Dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil in a greenhouse

The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil was investigated in the summer and autumn in a greenhouse and field, respectively. The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil was comparatively described by fitting the residue data to seven models （lst-order, 1.5th-order, 2nd-order, RF lst-order, RF 1.5th-order, RF 2nd-order, and bi-exponential or two-compartment models）. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 11.5 statistical package. The bi-exponential model was selected as the optimal model according to the coefficient of determination r^2. The dissipation half-lives （DT50） of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil at the recommended dose in the summer and autumn, calculated by the bi-exponential model, were 0.6 and 1.2 d in a greenhouse, 0.4 and 1.0 d in a field, respectively; the corresponding values at double dose were 1.2 and 2.1 d in a greenhouse, 0.5 and 1.3 d in a field, respectively. The kinetic data indicate the dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil in a greenhouse is slower than that in a field, and dissipates slower in the autumn than in the summer.     

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in three weed rhizospheres

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on weed rhizospheres are still vague. The quantitative and diversity changes and metabolic responses of soil-bacterial communities in common dandelion （Taraxacum officinale）, jerusalem artichoke （Silphiurn perfoliatum L.） and evening primrose （A colypha australis L.） rhizospheric soils were thus examined using the method of carbon source utilization. The results indicated that there were various toxic effects of crude oil residues on the growth and reproduction of soil bacteria, but the weed rhizospheres could mitigate the toxic effects. Total heterotrophic counting colony-forming units （CFUs） in the rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizospheric soils. The culturable soil-bacterial CFUs in the jerusalem artichoke （S. perfoliatum） rhizosphere polluted with 0.50 kg/pot of crude oil residues were almost twice as much as those with 0.25 kg/pot and without the addition of crude oil residues. The addition of crude oil residues increased the difference in substrate evenness, substrate richness, and substrate diversity between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of T. officinale and A. australis, but there was no significant （p〉0.05） difference in the Shannon＇s diversity index between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of S. perfoliatum. The rhizospheric response of weed species to crude oil residues suggested that S. perfoliatum may be a potential weed species for the effective plant-microorganism bioremediation of contaminated soils by crude oil residues.     

攀枝花地区芒果园土壤碳氮磷分布现状及变化趋势

土壤养分制约着果树产量和品质,同时受果园生产管理的影响而变化.为了解攀枝花地区芒果园土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量现状,探明果园管理导致的土壤养分变化趋势,选择3个发育阶段(挂果前期:2-5年;初期:6-10年;盛期:11-26年)芒果园共162个,研究果园树盘区和间空区0-20 cm和20-40 cm土层土壤C...     

营养调控影响滇杨幼苗镉积累的效应模型分析

营养调控是强化植物修复效率的重要手段。滇杨(Populus yunnanensis)作为修复土壤镉(Cd)污染的重要候选树种,Cd耐受能力较强,但Cd积累量不高。以滇杨为研究对象,采用“3414”试验设计,开展氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)三因素四水平(0、100、200、400 mg·kg^-1)共15个处理的营养调控盆栽试验。通过肥料效应模型推算最佳施肥量、最大Cd积累量以及提升滇杨Cd积累量的最佳施肥方案。结果表明,施加N、P、K均能提升Cd胁迫下滇杨的生物量,提升比例为70.5%-132%,生物量随N、P和K浓度增加而呈现先增加后降低趋势,均在200 mg·kg^-1时达到最大值,施N对生物量的促进最显著。滇杨Cd积累量受N影响最大,其次为P,再次是K。无N处理(N0P0K0、N0P2K2)的Cd积累量最低,高N、高P处理(N2P4K2、N4P2K2)的Cd积累量最高。一元模型拟合结果显示,N以374.704 mg·kg^-1施加时可获得最大Cd积累量(2.168 mg·pot^-1),拟合方程为y=...     

应用XAD系列树脂分离和富集天然水体中溶解有机质的研究进展

溶解有机质(dissolvedorganicmatter,DOM)是一类由腐殖质和非腐殖质构成的非均质混合物,广泛存在于土壤、煤炭和水体中,产生重要的生态环境效应。溶解有机质中相似组分的分离一直是有机质研究的难点。近年来,随着XAD树脂分离技术在DOM分离中的广泛应用,腐殖质和非腐殖质的分离取得了很大进展,文章对这些方法进行了详细的综述,并做了进一步的展望。     

生物修复在治理土壤污染中的应用

从植物、微生物的角度说明了生物修复的作用,综述了生物修复在国内外取得的进展,介绍了已经发现的超富集植物、微生物与植物协同修复机理,并对今后的研究工作提出了建议。     

土壤重金属污染治理技术研究

土壤重金属污染指的是土壤中重金属含量超标,导致土壤受到一定程度的破坏。重金属元素具有较强的生物毒性和生态毒性,重金属污染不仅会对植物、微生物等产生影响,还会对动物以及人类的健康造成威胁。因此,土壤重金属污染防治技术是我国土壤管理与污染控制的重要研究方向。本文主要对重金属污染土壤修复治理现状进行分析,并提出相应的解决对策。     

基于FSM的管道腐蚀监测技术实验研究

FSM作为一种新型的管道在线腐蚀监测方法,具有良好的应用前景。压力管道腐蚀缺陷中以局部小腐蚀坑最为常见,这也是FSM方法中研究的重点。本文基于FSM方法对压力管道常见的圆形和矩形小腐蚀坑展开实验研究,结果表明FSM方法对于小体积型缺陷敏感,实验中监测精度为0.5mm,并可准确反映缺陷增长过程,对管道安全运行具有重要意义。     

乌鲁木齐市大气中二氧化硫的灰色预测

根据灰色系统理论,联系乌鲁木齐市大气环境的实际状况,建立了精度检验为一级的灰色预测模型,经模型检验其精度完全满足要求。对乌鲁木齐大气中的SO2值进行预测分析的结果表明,乌鲁木齐市大气中SO2值呈上升的趋势,在未来几年中,乌鲁木齐市大气中SO2的预测值超过国家三级标准值(即大气中SO2的质量浓度年均值≤0.10mg/m3),这种发展趋势应引起有关部门的关注。