基于SWAT模型的太湖西北部30a来氮磷的输出特征

随着工业的迅速发展和农业生产方式的转变,使得太湖富营养化现象日趋严重,对流域内生态环境构成极大的威胁。以研究区6个时期土地利用数据和30a逐日降雨数据为模型的主要输入变量,利用SWAT模型分别对研究区内6个不同时期营养盐输出进行模拟研究,得到研究区内30a时间尺度(1984~2013年)营养盐输出情况。根据模型输出结果探究研究区内营养盐输出与降雨量、径流量以及土地利用变化的关系。以2009~2013年宜兴站径流数据和水质数据作为模型的率定和验证数据,总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)在模型率定期确定系数R2为0.76和0.92,纳什效率系数Ens为0.76和0.79,验证期确定系数R2为0.66和0.95,纳什效率系数Ens为0.6和0.54,模拟结果较好。结果表明:营养盐输出与降雨在时间是呈现较强的相关性,但是在空间上降雨与营养盐输出相关性不明显;土地利用类型与营养盐输出密切相关,耕地和建设用地是研究区主要的营养盐输出源,土地利用类型空间分布与TN、TP空间分布相关系数分别为0.74和0.73。将为太湖流域非点源污染控制和治理提供理论支撑及数据基础。     

Environmental and economic analysis of switchgrass production for water quality improvement in northeast Kansas

The primary objectives of this research were to determine SWAT model predicted reductions in four water quality indicators (sediment yield, surface runoff, nitrate nitrogen (NO(3)-N) in surface runoff, and edge-of-field erosion) associated with producing switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) on cropland in the Delaware basin in northeast Kansas, and evaluate switchgrass break-even prices. The magnitude of potential switchgrass water quality payments based on using switchgrass as an alternative energy source was also estimated. SWAT model simulations showed that between 527,000 and 1.27 million metric tons (Mg) of switchgrass could be produced annually across the basin depending upon nitrogen (N) fertilizer application levels (0-224 kg N ha(-1)). The predicted reductions in sediment yield, surface runoff, NO(3)-N in surface runoff, and edge-of-field erosion as a result of switchgrass plantings were 99, 55, 34, and 98%, respectively. The average annual cost per hectare for switchgrass ranged from about 190 US dollars with no N applied to around 345 US dollars at 224 kg N ha(-1) applied. Edge-of-field break-even price per Mg ranged from around 41 US dollars with no N applied to slightly less than 25 US dollars at 224 kg N ha(-1) applied. A majority of the switchgrass produced had an edge-of-field break-even price of 30 Mg(-1) US dollars or less. Savings of at least 50% in each of the four water quality indicators could be attained for an edge-of-field break-even price of 22-27.49 US dollars Mg(-1).     

SWAT模型在国内外非点源污染研究中的应用进展

模型模拟是定量估算非点源污染负荷的有效工具,也是对其进行规划、控制和管理的前提.近年来SWAT模型在国内外得到了快速的发展和应用,是目前全球评价大范围和环境变化条件下非点源污染问题的一个有效工具.简介SWAT模型的发展历程及原理,概述了SWAT模型目前在国内外的水文评价、污染物流失模拟、输人参数、土地利用及气候变化对水文响应的影响等方面的研究现状,并对SWAT模型的发展方向提出了建议,为模型的进一步完善与应用提供参考.结果显示,SWAT模型对水文评价(如径流量、泥沙量)可得到较好的模拟和预测结果,能够模拟污染物(如农药和化肥)在农田和河网中的迁移过程,模拟与分析土地利用/覆被变化及气候变化对水文过程的影响.模型参数的确定及其对地下水流与溶质运移的模拟是模型的主要问题,需要进一步研究与完善.     

重金属面源污染模拟及其不确定性分析——以湘江株洲段镉污染为例

基于我国现有的环境数据条件,将复杂的分布式水文、泥沙模拟（采用SWAT模型）与简化的输出系数方法进行有效整合,建立了可实际应用的流域重金属面源污染负荷模型。应用所建模型对湘江株洲段所属汇水区域的镉面源污染进行动态模拟,并进行不确定性分析。模拟结果显示,研究区镉面源污染负荷总量约为2 435kg/a,受污染土壤对于镉面源负荷量贡献率达657%。土壤侵蚀过程对研究区的面源污染过程起控制作用,因此,土壤污染防治和水土保持是该区域镉面源污染管理的关键。土壤污染程度高且易侵蚀的地区（如清水塘工业区及其邻近地区）是防治的重点区域,而每年的4月和5月是防治的重点时期。不确定性分析结果显示,超过50%的概率下,研究区镉面源负荷总量处于2 000～3 000 kg/a这一范围,但仍有可能低于1 500 kg/a或高于4 000 kg/a     

Validation of Satellite Precipitation Adjustment Methodology From Seven Basins in the Continental United States1

Tobin, Kenneth J. and Marvin E. Bennett, 2012. Validation of Satellite Precipitation Adjustment Methodology From Seven Basins in the Continental United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 221‐234. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00604.x Abstract: The precipitation science community has expressed concern regarding the ability of satellite‐based precipitation products to accurately capture rainfall values over land. There has been some work that has focused on addressing the deficiencies of satellite precipitation products, particularly on the adjustment of bias. This article outlines a methodology that adjusts satellite products utilizing ground‐based precipitation data. The approach is not a simple bias adjustment, but is a three‐step process that transforms a satellite product based on a ground‐based precipitation product (NEXRAD‐derived Multisensor Precipitation Estimator [MPE] product or rain‐gauge data). The developed methodology was successfully applied to seven moderate‐to‐large sized watersheds from continental United States (CONUS) and northern Mexico over a spectrum of climatic regimes ranging from dry to humid settings. Methodology validation is based on comparison of observed and simulated streamflow generated with SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model using unadjusted and adjusted precipitation products as input. Streamflow comparison is based on mass balance error and Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient. Finally, the contribution of how adjustment to correct misses, false alarms, and bias impacts adjusted datasets and the potential impact that the adjustment methodology can have on hydrological applications such as water resource monitoring and flood prediction are explored.     

Sensitivity of agricultural runoff loads to rising levels of CO2 and climate change in the San Joaquin Valley watershed of California

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to assess the impact of climate change on sediment, nitrate, phosphorus and pesticide (diazinon and chlorpyrifos) runoff in the San Joaquin watershed in California. This study used modeling techniques that include variations of CO₂, temperature, and precipitation to quantify these responses. Precipitation had a greater impact on agricultural runoff compared to changes in either CO₂ concentration or temperature. Increase of precipitation by ±10% and ±20% generally changed agricultural runoff proportionally. Solely increasing CO₂ concentration resulted in an increase in nitrate, phosphorus, and chlorpyrifos yield by 4.2, 7.8, and 6.4%, respectively, and a decrease in sediment and diazinon yield by 6.3 and 5.3%, respectively, in comparison to the present-day reference scenario. Only increasing temperature reduced yields of all agricultural runoff components. The results suggest that agricultural runoff in the San Joaquin watershed is sensitive to precipitation, temperature, and CO₂ concentration changes.     

基于SWAT模型的金属矿区雨水径流中锰污染负荷分析

通过改进林玉环的汞迁移转化一维模型,并在一定的基本假设下,得到了锰的一维迁移转化动力学模型,利用Fortran语言编程嵌入SWAT模型源程序,在参数敏感性分析后进行改进模型的率定与校正以及敏感性参数的调节分析后,得到金属矿区雨水径流中锰污染负荷分析的SWAT改进模型。运行结果表明,SWAT改进模型能够对雨水径流中锰污染负荷进行较高精度的模拟,其中回归系数(r2)、Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数(Ens)分别为0.88、0.91,符合回归系数和Nash-Sutcliffe系数的评价标准(r2≥0.6,Ens≥0.5),获得锰矿区的污染关键区,与实际矿区污染相符合,为锰矿区及其他金属矿区雨水径流中重金属污染的评测和控制、治理与修复等提供科学依据。     

Effect of Watershed Subdivision and Filter Width on SWAT Simulation of a Coastal Plain Watershed1

Cho, Jaepil, Richard R. Lowrance, David D. Bosch, Timothy C. Strickland, Younggu Her, and George Vellidis, 2010. Effect of Watershed Subdivision and Filter Width on SWAT Simulation of a Coastal Plain Watershed. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):586-602. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00436.x Abstract: The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) does not fully simulate riparian buffers, but has a simple filter function that is responsive to filter strip width (FILTERW). The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate SWAT hydrology and water quality response to changes in watershed subdivision levels and different FILTERW configurations and (2) provide guidance for selecting appropriate watershed subdivision for model runs that include the riparian buffer feature through the FILTERW parameter. Watershed subdivision level is controlled by the critical source area (CSA) which defines the minimum drainage area required to form the origin of a stream. SWAT was calibrated on a 15.7 km² subdrainage within the Little River Experimental Watershed, Georgia. The calibrated parameter set was applied to 32 watershed configurations consisting of four FILTERW representations for each of eight CSA levels. Streamflow predictions were stable regardless of watershed subdivision and FILTERW configuration. Predicted sediment and nutrient loads from upland areas decreased as CSA increased when spatial variations of riparian buffers are considered. Sediment and nutrient yield at the watershed outlet was responsive to different combinations of CSA and FILTERW depending on selected in-stream processes. CSA ranges which provide stable sediment and nutrient yields at the watershed outlet was suggested for avoiding significant modifications in selected parameter set.     

Runoff Simulation of the Headwaters of the Yellow River Using The SWAT Model With Three Snowmelt Algorithms1

Abstract: The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model combined with different snowmelt algorithms was evaluated for runoff simulation of an 114,345 km² mountainous river basin (the headwaters of the Yellow River), where snowmelt is a significant process. The three snowmelt algorithms incorporated into SWAT were as follows: (1) the temperature‐index, (2) the temperature‐index plus elevation band, and (3) the energy budget based SNOW17. The SNOW17 is more complex than the temperature‐based snowmelt algorithms, and requires more detailed meteorological and topographical inputs. In order to apply the SNOW17 in the SWAT framework, SWAT was modified to operate at the pixel scale rather than the normal Hydrologic Response Unit scale. The three snowmelt algorithms were evaluated under two parameter scenarios, the default and the calibrated parameters scenarios. Under the default parameters scenario, the parameter values were determined based on a review of the current literature. The purpose of this type of evaluation was to assess the applicability of SWAT in ungauged basins, where there is little observed data available for calibration. Under the calibrated parameters scenario, the parameters were calibrated using an automatic calibration program, the Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE‐UA). The purpose of this type of evaluation was to assess the applicability of SWAT in gauged basins. Two time periods (1975‐1985 and 1986‐1990) of monthly runoff data were used in this study to evaluate the performance of SWAT with different snowmelt algorithms. Under the default parameters scenario, the SWAT model with complex energy budget based SNOW17 performed the best for both time periods. Under the calibrated parameters scenario, the parameters were calibrated using monthly runoff from 1975‐1985 and validated using monthly runoff from 1986‐1990. After parameter calibration, the performance of SWAT with the three snowmelt algorithms was improved from the default parameters scenario. Further, the SWAT model with temperature‐index plus elevation band performed as well as the SWAT model with SNOW17. The SWAT model with temperature‐index algorithm performed the poorest for both time periods under both scenarios. Therefore, it is suggested that the SNOW17 model be used for modeling ungauged basins; however, for gauged basins, the SNOW17 and simple temperature‐index plus elevation band models could provide almost equally good runoff simulation results.     

基于SWAT的不同农田灌溉模式下农田地表径流氮素流失特征

以天津市武清区为研究对象,利用SWAT（Soiland Water Assessment Tool）模型进行不同农田灌溉模式下农田地表径流氮素流失特征的模拟,验证了模型在该地区的适用性。模拟时制定了16种不同的灌溉情景,模拟结果表明在冬小麦生育期灌溉污水2次和3次的情况下,对应夏玉米生育期的抽雄水灌污水的情境下（WSM2、W6M2、W7M2和W8M2）的氮素含量均比灌清水（W5MI、W6M1、W7M1和W8M1）时较小。由此得出选择合适的污灌制度,将会减少研究河段出口断面氮素含量的结论。