Production of Ethanol by an Integrated Valorization of Olive Oil Byproducts. The Role of Phenolic Inhibition (2 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Agricultural industrial wastes can frequently be used as raw materials in the production of bio-fuels. Olive-oil milling wastewater is considered as one of the most polluting agro-industrial residues, but fortunately due to its high content of organic matter, it has the potential to be a valuable starting material to obtain bio-ethanol via fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fermentation of olive-oil milling wastewater has been demonstrated with good yield of ethanol (8-12%v/v) once the level of reducing sugars is appropriate and the phenolic fraction, which inhibits the yeast, is removed. Materials and Methods: - Results: - Discussion: - Conclusions: - Recommendations and Perspectives: -     

Urban airborne particulate: genotoxicity evaluation of different size fractions by mutagenesis tests on microorganisms and comet assay

The genotoxic effects of different size fractions of airborne particulate (Total, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5), extracted with acetone or toluene, were evaluated by: the Ames plate test (TA98 and TA100 strains, w/o S9), gene conversion and reversion (w/o endogenous metabolic activation) in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7 strain, and the comet assay on human leukocytes. The data on human leukocytes confirm the sensitivity of the comet assay and its applicability to assess genotoxicity in environmental samples. The PM_2.5 fraction of airborne particulate generally shows the highest concentration of DNA-damaging compounds. Genotoxic response, in all the test systems applied, is highly dependent on extraction solvent used. Acetone seems to extract compounds with more similar genotoxic responses in the three test systems used than toluene extracts. Toluene appears to extract air pollutants genotoxic on yeast and leukocytes but is mainly cytotoxic on Salmonella.     

Characteristics for the hybrid cell Foaz obtained from the  protoplast fusion between yeast and photosynthetic bacteria in soybean processing wastewater

The optimal pH and temperature, maximum specific degradation rate, half rate constant and flocculation rate for the hybrid cell Foaz were measured in the reaction for the degradation of soybean processing wastewater(SPW) in this study. The optimal pH and temperature for Foaz in SPW were the same as those of its parental strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y9407 and Rhodobacter sphaeroides P9479, but the flocculation rate, the maximum specific degradation rate and the half rate constant for Foaz were higher than those of its parental strains. The results suggest that the characteristics of the inter kingdom fusant Foaz constructed from the protoplast fusion between the eukaryote cell yeast S.cerevisiae and the prokaryote cell photosynthetic bacteriaR. sphaeroides may favor degrading organic pollutant in SPW and removing biomass from the effluent.     

酿酒酵母吸附Zn(Ⅱ)过程中阳离子(K+，Mg2+，Na+，Ca2+)的变化分析

研究了酿酒酵母无缓冲溶液体系吸附Zn(Ⅱ)的过程中各种阳离子的变化情况.研究结果表明,当Zn(Ⅱ)的初始浓度是0.08～0.8 mmol·L^-1,酵母浓度约1 g·L^-1,初始pH为5.65,反应38h内,酵母的Zn(Ⅱ)吸附量为74.8～654.8μmol·g^-1,去除率达到76.4%～92.8%,pH值升高0.55～1.28.吸附过程中酵母首先快速释放大量K⁺,其次是Mg²⁺和Na⁺,Ca²⁺的释放量较少,数量级一般可分别达到几百、几十和几个μmol·g^-1.以离子交换为基础计算的各阳离子释放量总和一般超过Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附量,证明酵母吸附Zn(Ⅱ)的机理之一是离子交换,但不唯一.无缓冲溶液体系酵母吸附Zn(Ⅱ)的过程中溶液pH值升高,H⁺被吸收,K⁺等阳离子释放,是生物体细胞的本质属性,与Zn(Ⅱ)是否存在无关,但是Zn(Ⅱ)可以促进阳离子的释放以及降低酵母对H+的吸收,也反映出Zn(Ⅱ)与H⁺之间可以竞争细胞表面吸附位.死酵母的吸附量低于未处理酵母,与阳离子交换能力关系不大,可能与细胞表面变形导致Zn(Ⅱ)吸附困难有关.     

固定化酵母重复发酵性能调控

以2.5%海藻酸钠(w/v)、2%氯化钙(w/v)、2%菌体添加量(w/v,细胞干重)包埋固定酿酒酵母,通过增殖活化和批次短周期发酵对固定化粒子的发酵性能进行调控,减缓循环发酵中固定化粒子发酵性能的退化,同时利用扫描电镜(SEM)对固定化粒子的结构和酵母细胞分布情况进行表征.结果表明:调控后,固定化粒子在葡萄糖浓度为80g/L,pH 4.0,35℃的条件下发酵,发酵性能得到明显改善.调控前,连续3批次发酵,平均乙醇生产强度为0.33g/(L·h);调控后,批次发酵周期由72h缩短为24h,连续5批次发酵,平均乙醇生产强度提高至1.22g/(L·h).     

酵母蛋白激酶Sch9激活环磷酸化状态参与热胁迫应答调控

在酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中,蛋白激酶Sch9已经被证明与细胞大小、胁迫应答、自噬以及寿命的调控有关.通过不同基因型酵母在固体培养基上的热敏感性研究,发现Sch9的激酶功能与热胁迫相关,进一步通过Sch9特异磷酸化位点抗体的免疫印迹,检测了细胞内Sch9关键的激活环T570位点(PDK1位点)在热胁迫条下的磷酸化状态,发现半乳糖诱导表达的Sch9在热胁迫条件下T570位点去磷酸化,首次证明了Sch9通过调控激酶活性参与细胞热胁迫应答.研究结果揭示了Sch9在胁迫应答中的部分功能,并为生理条件下Sch9调控功能的研究提供了生物化学证据.     

全氟辛酸对酿酒酵母细胞毒性作用

全氟辛酸(PFOA)广泛应用于工业生产中,具有高度的生物毒性及生物蓄积性,然而PFOA对环境微生物的毒性影响仍有待深入开展.通过流式细胞术测定了酵母菌在不同浓度PFOA胁迫下细胞膜通透性、ROS、线粒体跨膜电位的变化,并且测定了MDA含量和Na+K+-ATPase、Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase活性变化.结果显示PFOA可使PI染色细胞比例增高,酿酒酵母细胞膜通透性增大、ROS和MDA含量升高、线粒体跨膜电位降低,且ROS含量、MDA含量与线粒体跨膜电位降幅均与PFOA胁迫浓度和时间呈正相关.Na+K+-ATPase、Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase活性先上升后降低,表明酿酒酵母在PFOA胁迫下,其生理活性受到抑制甚至发生细胞凋亡.证明PFOA对酿酒酵母具有生物毒性,100 mg·L-1PFOA对酿酒酵母具有即时毒性.该结果可为PFOA的影响评价提供更多依据.     

啤酒酵母吸附放射性核素~241Am的研究

研究了啤酒酵母吸附2 4 1Am的可行性及各种反应条件对吸附的影响 .结果表明 :在起始浓度C0 为 17 5 4μg L— 4386 0μg L(2 2 2MBq L— 5 5 5MBq L)的2 4 1Am溶液中 (pH =1) ,加入约 2 1g L(干重 )的啤酒酵母 ,2 4 1Am的平均吸附率高达 99%,吸附量W为 7 4 5 μg g— 1880 0 μg g(干重 ) (0 94MBq g— 2 37 9MBq g) .吸附反应在 1h左右达到平衡 ,反应温度为 10— 45℃ ,最适吸附酸度为pH 1— 3,吸附量与2 4 1Am浓度成指数关系 ,符合Freundlich经验公式 .即使Au3 + 、Ag+ 浓度高于2 4 1Am浓度 2 0 0 0多倍时 ,对啤酒酵母吸附2 4 1Am也无明显影响 .     

固定化啤酒酵母菌对锶的吸附机制及热力学研究

以聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠作为载体,制备了固定化啤酒酵母菌颗粒。研究了固定化啤酒酵母菌对锶的吸附机制和吸附热力学。结果表明:(1)吸附Sr2+后的固定化啤酒酵母菌的内部结构更松散,更有利于固定化啤酒酵母菌对Sr2+的吸附。(2)固定化啤酒酵母菌吸附Sr2+后,部分-OH参与了吸附,使形成的氢键部分断开,振动峰发生蓝移。另外,由于-NH2和-CO-NH-中的N原子可提供孤对电子与有空轨道的Sr2+配位,从而改变了基团的极性。(3)当Sr2+初始质量浓度为10～200mg/L时,固定化啤酒酵母菌对Sr2+的吸附同时符合Freundlich和Langmuir吸附模型,但符合Langmuir吸附模型的程度更优,这说明固定化啤酒酵母菌与Sr2+之间主要通过分子间引力产生吸附,是以单分子层吸附为主的物理吸附。