华东地区中强震孕育过程中的中小地震动态演化特征

引用有关地震活动的频度面积S值方法,对华东地区1970年以来中强震前后的中小地震活动进行了研究,发现地震的S值在震前和震后的异常变化特征主要表现为:在震前S值异常为高值或低值异常,震后下降或上升;对特定区域研究发现,华东地区陆地区域的中强震的孕震区,中小地震活动的S值震前异常主要为高值,震后下降;而海域的中强震孕震区中小地震活动的S值震前主要表现为低值异常。因此,通过对华东地区中强震孕震区中小地震活动的频度面积S值方法的动态追踪,利用其变化规律可以为中强震的预测预报提供一种判定指标。     

Perceived values of benefits from Mississippi's forestry Best Management Practices

Numerous studies in the United States have shown that, in addition to accomplishing their primary objective of preventing or reducing non-point source (NPS) pollution, silvicultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) provide additional direct and indirect benefits. These benefits are valuable to a host of forestry-related groups because they improve forest habitat, improve the public's perception of the timber industry, and increase the overall value of the timber asset. In an effort to gauge the perceived value that forestry-related groups place on BMPs, Mississippi non-industrial private forest (NIPF) landowners (n=63), forestry consultants (n=30), and timber industry professionals (n=8) were surveyed using a combination of in-person, telephone interviews, and mail surveys in spring 2001. Each group was asked to rank 35 potential benefits from 1 to 5 (1 being least beneficial; 5 being most beneficial) according to their perceived value of the benefit. Results showed little variation in the overall mean response for all benefits among groups. In general, all groups assigned a ranking of average, more beneficial, or most beneficial to 31 of 35 (88%) potential benefits. Results indicated that, although these groups may have differing perceptions of the value of some benefits, all have a largely positive perception of the potential benefits from BMPs.     

STORMFLOW AND SEDIMENT LOSS FROM INTENSIVELY MANAGED FOREST WATERSHEDS IN EAST TEXAS1

ABSTRACT: Five small (4 ha) forested watersheds in East Texas were instrumented in December 1980 to determine the effect of forest harvesting, mechanical site preparation, and livestock grazing on stormflow, peak discharge rate, and sediment loss. After three pretreatment years, four of the watersheds were treated as follows: (1) clearcutting followed by roller chopping; (2) clearcutting following by shearing and windrowing; (3) clearcutting following by shearing, windrowing, and continuous grazing; and (4) clearcutting followed by shearing, windrowing, and rotational grazing. Clearcut harvesting and all site preparation treatments significantly increased stormflow, peak discharge, and sediment losses over the undisturbed condition. Roller chopping and shearing/windrowing had little impact on sediment loss from these watersheds and appears to be a sound forest conservation practice for gently sloping watersheds (> 8 percent). As applied, livestock grazing had minimal impact on stormflow and peak discharge. The moderately stocked continuously grazed treatment had little impact on sediment loss, but the high stocking density of the rotational grazing treatment increased sediment losses over the undisturbed condition. Sediment losses from these intensively managed forest watersheds, even though significantly greater than from undisturbed conditions, were within the range of sediment losses from undisturbed watersheds in the Southeast, below the range of losses from mechanically prepared watersheds elsewhere, and well below potential losses from pasture and cropland.     

Subsampling program for the estimation of fish impingement

Federal regulations require operators of nuclear and coal-fired power-generating stations to estimate the number of fish impinged on intake screens. During winter months, impingement may range into the hundreds of thousands for certain species, making it impossible to count all intake screens completely. We present graphs for determinig the appropriateoptimal subsample that must be obtained to estimate the total number impinged. Since the number of fish impinged tends to change drastically within a short time period, the subsample size is determined based on the most recent data. This allows for the changing nature of the species-age composition of the impinged fish. These graphs can also be used for subsampling fish catches in an aquatic system when the size of the catch is too large to sample completely.     

A DECISION MODEL TO PREDICT SEDIMENT YIELD FROM FOREST PRACTICES1

ABSTRACT: In order to choose among “best management practices,” forest managers need to predict sediment yield to perennial streams following various forest land operations. The “universal soil loss equation” (USLE) is not directly applicable to forest operations because of the heterogenous soil surface conditions left by harvesting, site preparation, and planting. A sediment hazard index is proposed, to be based on the amount of exposed mineral soil and its proximity to streams. The model offered includes rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility and average land slope, together with the index W. A paired watershed experiment in the central Georgia Piedmont was used to estimate parameters in the model. The experimental basin (80 acres) was clearcut, drum roller chopped twice, and planted by machine. The standard error of estimate of sediment yield was computed to be about 50/lbs/ac per sampling period (four months). Use of William's erogivity index (storm flow times peak flow) reduced the standard error to 33/lbs/ac.     

铁盐改性石英砂的制备及其吸附Cu^2＋性能研究

通过改变石英砂表面的物理化学性质,提高石英砂的吸附效率,考察其对废水中的Cu2＋去除效果。以石英砂为载体,分别用反复高温加热法和反复碱性沉积法制备三氯化铁改性砂、硝酸铁改性砂,测定了2种方法制备的铁盐改性砂的表面含铁量、铁盐的酸稳定性及比表面积,并比较了2种铁盐改性砂对Cu2＋吸附效果。结果表明,三氯化铁改性砂、硝酸铁改性砂的比表面积分别为2.468 m2/g和4.247 m2/g,比石英原砂比表面积分别提高了6.910和12.612倍;在pH=6条件下,石英砂对Cu2＋去除率为39%左右,硝酸铁改性砂对Cu2＋去除率达到84%,氯化铁改性砂达到89%以上,铁盐改性砂对Cu2＋去除能力比原砂有很大的提高;铁盐改性砂对Cu2＋的吸附有一定的容量,表面的活性中心越多,吸附能力越大。     

铝盐改性石英砂制备及其吸附Zn~(2+)性能研究

以石英砂为载体,用碱性沉积法制备了铝盐改性砂,在静态试验条件下,考察了铝盐改性砂对锌的吸附性能及其影响因素.结果表明,在pH值为中性的条件下,铝盐改性砂的吸附效果优于石英原砂,石英原砂对Zn2+去除率为41%,铝盐改性砂对Zn2+去除率可达到68%;随着Zn2初始浓度的增大,铝盐改性砂对Zn2+的去除率逐渐减少;铝盐改性砂对Zn2的去除率随着pH值的升高而提高,当pH为9时,去除率接近100%.     

高铁酸钾的制备及其在水处理中的应用前景

水污染已经成为全球高度重视的一个环境污染问题,严重影响着人们的生活、工作和学习,所以现在急需一种良好的水处理剂。高铁酸钾是一种环境友好型多功能水处理剂,并且集氧化、吸附、絮凝、助凝、杀菌、除臭为一体。具有高效、无毒、无害等优点,因此在水处理中具有很好的应用前景。但由于其自身水溶液的不稳定性。大大限制了它的应用。     

纳氏试剂两种配制方法对氨氮测定的影响比较

对纳氏试剂的两种配制方法在配制难易和含汞量、空白吸光度、校准曲线、检出限、精密度和加标回收率等方面作了比较,得出KI、HgCl2和KOH配制的纳氏试剂与KI、HgI2和NaOH配制的纳氏试剂相比,配制虽麻烦,但含汞量、空白吸光度和检出限均较低,而灵敏度、精密度和加标回收率却较高,可作为配制纳氏试剂的首选方法。而KI、HgI2和NaOH配制的纳氏试剂可用于应急监测中。     

负载型纳米金催化剂对室内空气中甲醛的去除

采用沉积-沉淀法(deposition precipitation,简称DP法)和共沉淀法(coprecipitation,简称 CP法)制备了负载型纳米金催化荆Au/Fe2O3,催化剂中金含量(质量分数)小于1%.并以甲醛完全氧化反应作为研究的目标反应.这个反应可以有效地去除室内空气中的有害成分甲醛.通过催化活性的测试和XRD、TEM、TPR等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,两种方法制备的催化剂有各自的优势和特点,其中DP法制备的催化剂金含量(质量分数)只有0.67%的情况下,经过条件优化,甲醛完全转化温度为80℃,是一个较好的结果;而CP法制备的样品有较好的抗热性,可能有利于催化剂的使用寿命.因此,本工作为该类催化剂实用化提供了有价值的信息和依据.