固定污染源排气中颗粒物采样的质量保证

根据固定污染源排气中颗粒物采样的误差来源,提出质量保证措施。     

浅论我国环境法与外商投资的关系

为调整外商中的投资环境保护问题,我佃环境法已经形成了一个包括宪法性规范,专项单行立法,地方性法规及国际公约等多层次的法律框架。我国将外商投资项目分为鼓励允许、限制禁止四类,并规定了外商投资应遵循的若干环境管理措施。但总体上看我国环境法还存在立法和执法缺陷,亟待完善。     

Using Force Analysis to Target Collection and Analysis of Environmental Information

Knowledge of the forces driving and modifying ecosystems can be employed in concert with signal analysis to target the data most likely to yield sensitivity and resilience information. One can optimize return of information per investment of resources by targeting segments of signals that are dominated by the force of interest, coupled with scientific understanding of the system of interest. This force analysis approach is an effective means both to design efficient new monitoring programs and to target relevant information in large data files. We present five example applications of force analysis. Three examples illustrate this approach for an evaluation of whether Canadian rivers might be sensitive to changes in climate. It was concluded that Canadian rivers appear to be sensitive to changing climate. A fourth example illustrates how automated snow pillow data may be evaluated to ascertain the sensitivity of snow accumulation to change in climate. It was concluded that snow accumulation at the site evaluated did appear to be sensitive to changing climate. The fifth example illustrates the assessment of whether a river recovers with the elimination of inputs of iron from an abandoned mine. It was concluded that resilience remained unproven since the river had not as yet restabilized. The force analysis approach focuses data collection or data evaluation on those data required to answer specific resource management questions, greatly reducing collection or consideration of data that are not relevant to that question. This approach is potentially very cost-efficient and therefore is likely to be of interest to hydrologists, climatologists, and environmental data managers.     

考虑既有建筑最不利方向的抗震能力评估方法

主要研究在役结构的抗震性能评估方法。首先,在前人研究的基础上,给出了在役结构的力学模型;其次,通过对2次小震的动力时程分析,得出结构的最不利方向,并在此方向上利用三维分析程序CANNY 99,对结构进行Pushover分析,将得出的结构能力曲线与由实际地震波得到的需求谱叠合,求出结构性能点,进而评估结构的抗震性能。通过一算例具体说明该方法的应用步骤,并由程序输出结构在到达性能点时的梁柱破坏情况。本文从钢筋锈蚀和混凝土老化这两个方面考虑使用年限对结构的影响;同时,从结构的最不利方向对结构进行Pushover分析,考虑了结构在地震作用下柱子双向受弯的特点,更加符合实际情况。     

水环境综合整治方案灰色多目标优化模型

水环境综合整治方案的优化决策必须考虑社会、经济、技术、环境等多种指标,在这些指标中既有已知信息,又有未知或未确知的灰色信息。因此,水环境综合整治方案的优化属于灰色多目标优化问题。本文利用灰色多目标优化模型,选取六个优化指标,对宣州市水环境综合整治的五种可行方案进行了优化决策,得到了符合当地社会、经济、技术和环境状况的优化方案。研究表明,该模型原理简单、计算简便、结果可靠,是一种很有实用价值的多方案优化模型。     

秦皇岛市环境规划决策支持系统初探

在分析传统的宏观和微观环境决策模型的基础上,着重探讨了宏观与微观环境决策模型的结合使用问题,并根据秦皇岛市的实际,分析了建立环境规划决策支持系统的基本框架以及该系统的主要功能。      

浅谈C语言字符串格式化

介绍了C语言格式式化输出类操作函数,对该类函数的实现方式和C语言可变参数的工作原理进行了较为详细的阐述,同时,构造了一个方便通用的格式化输出函数,为数据数据格式化操作提供了一条灵活便捷有效的处理途径.     

化学合成类制药工业污染排放自行监测方案设计要点

阐述了化学合成类制药工业污染排放自行监测方案的编制依据,分析了化学合成制药的生产工艺与污染排放特征,在此基础上提出了自行监测方案的主要内容,以及监测点位、监测指标、监测频次设定的注意事项,并明确了特殊情况监测方案的设计原则及自行监测信息记录的相关内容。     

Quantifying sample biases of inland lake sampling programs in relation to lake surface area and land use/cover

We quantified potential biases associated with lakes monitored using non-probability based sampling by six state agencies in the USA (Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Ohio, Maine, and New Hampshire). To identify biases, we compared state-monitored lakes to a census population of lakes derived from the National Hydrography Dataset. We then estimated the probability of lakes being sampled using generalized linear mixed models. Our two research questions were: (1) are there systematic differences in lake area and land use/land cover (LULC) surrounding lakes monitored by state agencies when compared to the entire population of lakes? and (2) after controlling for the effects of lake size, does the probability of sampling vary depending on the surrounding LULC features? We examined the biases associated with surrounding LULC because of the established links between LULC and lake water quality. For all states, we found that larger lakes had a higher probability of being sampled compared to smaller lakes. Significant interactions between lake size and LULC prohibit us from drawing conclusions about the main effects of LULC; however, in general lakes that are most likely to be sampled have either high urban use, high agricultural use, high forest cover, or low wetland cover. Our analyses support the assertion that data derived from non-probability-based surveys must be used with caution when attempting to make generalizations to the entire population of interest, and that probability-based surveys are needed to ensure unbiased, accurate estimates of lake status and trends at regional to national scales.     

污染源废气中二噁英监测采样应注意的几个问题

解析废气中二噁英监测采样的现状及不足,针对生活垃圾焚烧炉(炉排炉)、蓄热式焚烧炉(RTO)和危险废物焚烧炉(回转窑)3种不同类型焚烧炉,考察了采样过程中烟道类型、采样时间和采样时间间隔不同对二噁英监测的影响。结果表明,在水平烟道和垂直烟道采样测得二噁英排放浓度水平相当,有垂直烟道时,优先在垂直烟道采样;间隔采样和连续采样二噁英测定结果基本一致,为了便于操作,建议均采用连续采样方式;采样时间上,生活垃圾焚烧炉应保证超过1 h,蓄热式焚烧炉以2 h左右为宜;间歇投料危险废物焚烧炉应尽量满足2 h以上,条件不许可时,可通过增加采样流量缩短采样时间保证采样量,并在危险废物完全燃烧前结束采样工作。