Vegetation development in coastal foredunes in relation to methods of establishing marram grass (Ammophila arenaria)

In coastal foredunes marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) is used to stabilize windblown sand. The development of traditionally plantedAmmophila into a more natural foredune vegetation may take 5 – 10 yr. For economic reasons, traditional planting may be replaced by alternative techniques such as planting seeds or disk-harrowing rhizome fragments. In this paper, we compare the initial vegetation development of traditionally planted stands with stands established from seeds and from rhizomes. The experiments were conducted on an artificial foredune originating from dredged sea sand. The total experimental area covered more than 100 ha and the vegetation development was studied for 6 yr. The data were analysed bya priori grouping of plant species according to their ecology, as well as by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Redundancy Analysis (RA) of the percentage ground cover per plant species. Comparing ecological groups of plants showed that all planting methods delivered equal numbers of plant species that are indicative for coastal dunes. PCA and RA showed that methods based on the use of rhizome material resulted in a higher percentage cover of clonal perennials (Calammophila baltica, Festuca rubra ssp.arenaria, Carex arenaria andCirsium arvense) than the traditionally planted stands and the stands obtained from seeds. The latter two were characterized by the dominance of annuals, bi-annuals and (mostly nonrhizomatous) perennials. Initially, the rates of succession were highest in the stands obtained from rhizomes. However, after 3 – 6 yr there were no differences between the various stands. During the first four years, the percentage cover by rhizomatous foredune plants developed faster than that of annuals, bi-annuals and perennials. After 6 yr, the latter contributed almost as much to the percentage cover as the clonal species. Nomenclature: van der Meijden et al. (1990) for plant species. The plant species were classified into ecological groups according to van der Meijden et al. (1991) and Mennema et al. (1980).     

不同调理方案下污泥脱水性能评价指标的相关性研究

污泥脱水性能评价指标选取不同导致目前调理剂难以进行比选.以聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）、FeCl3及无机复合物等几种常用的调理剂为例,通过测定调理后污泥比阻（SRF）、毛细吸水时间（CST）、污泥沉降性能、泥饼含水率及污泥脱水率5个常用评价指标,探讨了各种指标之间的相关性.结果表明,当分别使用不同种类和不同投加量的调理剂时,SRF与CST具有良好的正线性相关性（R2分别为0.96、0.93）.SRF及CST均能准确地反映污泥板框压滤脱水性能,但不能很好地预测离心脱水效果.污泥的沉降性能与SRF、CST大致呈现出相同的变化规律.由于泥饼含水率与脱水率存在一定的相关性,但不存在对应性,因此优选调理剂时,建议综合考虑泥饼含水率和脱水率.     

常规洗井和取样法存在问题及新方法介绍

通过分析国内外研究,阐述了常规洗井和取样(以潜水泵洗井,提桶或贝勒管取样为例)过程的一些弊端,并介绍了一种国内文献中未见的方法—低流速法。该法所采得的样品在代表性方面优势更加明显,获得的数据更加准确。     

华北平原耕作土壤特性对基因工程菌迁移的影响

基因工程菌在土壤中的迁移是影响污染土壤生物强化修复的重要因素.在华北平原饱和耕作土壤中,考察了1株阿特拉津降解基因工程菌迁移留存及其影响因素.结果表明,在饱和耕作土壤中,平流渗透是基因工程菌迁移的主要机制,其过程可用过滤模型拟合.土壤性质对孔隙水流和基因工程菌迁移具有显著影响.随着土壤粒径、孔隙率和土壤砂粒组分增加,土壤水力传导率常数增大,基因工程菌过滤系数减小,土壤对基因工程菌过滤留存作用降低.土壤条件不变时,增加入渗流量也会增大土壤水力传导率常数,减小基因工程菌过滤系数.饱和土壤中,水力传导率常数为5.02~6.70 m·d-1时,基因工程菌在土壤中的过滤系数为0.105~0.274,二者存在显著负相关关系.     

混凝预处理及膜面流速控制对微滤膜污染的影响研究

为研究膜面流速和混凝预处理对微滤过程膜污染的综合影响,用旋流式膜混凝反应器进行了不同流量、入口管径、混凝剂投加量下的除浊试验。结果表明,直接微滤时,高膜面流速加剧了初期膜的孔堵污染,但抑制了滤饼层的累积,适于长期运行;在质量浓度为0~18 mg/L范围内增大聚合氯化铝（PAC）投加量可显著抑制膜过滤阻力的增长;以速度梯度（G）表征絮体状态,由于絮体尺寸和错流的综合作用,投加混凝剂后,G在20~70 s-1范围内,414.64 s-1时微滤膜污染较轻。     

Fenton法预处理垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液的研究

采用Fenton法对垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液进行预处理,探讨了pH值、FeSO4/H2O2用量及比例、以及反应时间对CODcr及色度去除率的影响.研究结果表明:当pH =4.0,FeSO4/H2O2用量0.75/7.5 (g/ml),反应时间2.5h,垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液的CODcr浓度从4 416 mg/L降低至630.7 ml/L,CODcr去除率达85.7％;色度从1 250倍降低至200倍以下,色度去除率达84％.因此,本工艺对垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液的CODcr及色度具有较好的去除效果,作为垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液的预处理工艺具有可行性.     

不同织物构造PPS滤料对PM2.5的过滤特性影响分析

针对纤维细度、纤维横截面形状、面层后处理工艺对PM2.5的过滤效率及阻力的影响问题,分别选用1#面层含100％ 2.22 dtex PPS纤维经PTFE浸渍、2#面层含50％ PPS细纤维不经PTFE浸渍、3#面层含50％ PPS细纤维经PTFE浸渍、4#面层含50％ PPS三叶形纤维不经PTFE浸渍、5#面层含50％ PPS三叶形纤维经PTFE浸渍、6#面层PTFE覆膜、7#面层含50％ PPS细纤维和50％ PTFE超细纤维的7种PPS滤料进行过滤性能试验.在环境气溶胶中,采用清洁滤料进行过滤试验研究.结果表明,1 m/min风速下对PM2.5的过滤效率从大到小为6#(81％)、7#(80％)、3#(76％)、5#(72％)、1#(63％)、2#(47％)、4#(41％),各因素中PTFE乳液浸渍后处理工艺的影响最为显著,面层纤维采用细纤维截面设计和三叶形截面设计都能有效增加滤料对PM2.5的过滤效率.过滤阻力方面,6#覆膜滤料随过滤风速增大阻力迅速上升;其他6种滤料的阻力较接近,上升缓慢.过滤品质因数Q值方面,相对于常规滤料,面层中混入细纤维或三叶形纤维滤料的Q增大;提高面层中细纤维比例,也能使Q增大;覆膜滤料效率虽高,但阻力较大,Q最小.     

沙滤器回洗水薄膜过滤法

介绍了荷兰新近研究成功的适用于处理沙粒过滤器回洗水的XIGA薄膜法,及其参数、工作原理、适用条件和经济效益。     

氢氧化钠-膜过滤法处理含镍电镀废液

介绍了氢氧化钠－膜过滤法处理含镍电镀废液新工艺，并确定了主要的技术参数。该工艺具有回收NiSO4纯度高，出水Ni^2 可实现稳定达排放等优点。     

导热性能对浸油沙层闪点、燃点的影响研究

研究了浸油沙层的导热性能对浸油沙层闪点和燃点的影响。选用柴油作为燃料液体,铜粉和沙子的混合物代表沙层,浸油沙层的导热系数由混合物中的沙子和铜粉比例控制。实验结果表明,浸油沙层的导热性能对其着火特性有重要影响。不加铜粉时,存在一个使混合物的闪点与燃点最小的沙油质量比。随着铜粉添加量的增加,闪点与燃点的最小值点逐渐消失。这可能是加入细铜粉使混合物的表面平整造成的。在最小点后,随铜粉添加量的增加,也就是随混合物的导热性能的改善,混合物的闪点与燃点增大。但当沙子与铜粉的质量比达到1：1时,闪点与燃点随沙油质量比的变化出现了一个最大值,之后闪点和燃点随沙油质量比的增加而降低。这些现象的出现可能是导热能力、毛细现象和混合物内部的空隙三者共同作用的结果。