污泥龄对膜生物反应器性能的影响

研究了膜生物反应器污泥龄对胞外聚合物(EPS)含量、污泥特性、污泥颗粒粒径分布及膜过滤阻力的影响.结果表明,污泥龄(SRT)为30 d时混合液中胞外聚合物(EPS)和膜面上的EPS含量分别约为90 mg/g、0.8 g/m2,随污泥龄的延长二者同步增加,EPS在膜面上几乎没有积累;混合液EPS含量的增加改变了细菌表面电荷且增大了细菌表面亲水基和疏水基的比例,使细菌存在状态由不稳定型(R型)向稳定型(S型)转变.造成污泥的沉降困难;在长污泥龄运行中.混合液中污泥颗粒呈现双峰分布,泥龄30 d时在O.5 μm和16 μm处有2个峰且平均粒径约14μm,污泥龄延长双峰分布向颗粒小的方向移动;混合液中微细颗粒含量及粒径分布对膜污染起决定性作用.综合考虑膜污染和污泥特性,膜生物反应器的污泥龄应控制在优势菌最小世代时间(运行温度下的最大比增长速度)的120倍以下.     

生物过滤氧化反应器中的微生物特性研究

采用沿程取样分析的方法,对生物过滤氧化反应器不同位置中的微生物特性进行了研究,结果表明,沿水（气）流方向,陶粒上附着的生物膜与陶粒间的生物絮体的量都是逐渐减少,生物絮体的氧呼吸率也随之下降,但生物膜的氧吸收率没有明显的变化。沿水（气）流方向,生物膜生物活性是逐渐升高的,而生物絮体生物活性总体逐渐下降。对生物膜的活性细菌数目（ABN）分析表明,在反应器内不同位置,异养菌与自养菌数量是交替变化的。在进水端,异养菌占据绝对优势,其数量是自养菌的近1000倍,随着床层向出水端靠近,异养菌数目减少,自养菌数目增多,在出水端附近,自养菌是异养菌数目的10倍多。     

A hybrid membrane process for simultaneous thickening and digestion of waste activated sludge

A hybrid membrane process for simultaneous sludge thickening and digestion (MSTD) was studied. During one cycle (15 d) of operation under a hydraulic retention time of 1 d, the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) continuously increased from about 4 g·L⁻¹ to 34 g·L⁻¹, and the mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) increased from about 3 g·L⁻¹ to over 22 g·L⁻¹. About 42% of the MLVSS and 39% of the MLSS reduction were achieved. The thickening and digestion effects in the MSTD were further analyzed based on a mass balance analysis. Test results showed that biopolymers and cations of biomass were gradually released to the bulk solution during the process. It was also found that the capillary suction time, colloidal chemical oxygen demand, soluble microbial products, viscosity, and MLSS had significant positive correlations with the membrane fouling rate, whereas extracellular polymeric substances, polysaccharides, and proteins extracted from biomass had negative impacts on membrane fouling.     

新兴纸业造纸废水深度处理

在原有二级生化污水处理基础上增加混凝过滤,进一步降低造纸生产废水COD和SS浓度,实现废水全部循环利用,达到零排放。     

机械加工过程产生含油污水的组合处理技术研究

依据机械加工中产生的含油废水的特点,采用"破乳+膜过滤+Fenton试剂氧化+生化"的组合工艺进行处理,进入生物滤池前采用间歇操作,处理后出水再与生活污水混合后进入生物滤池进行连续处理。连续运行结果表明:该组合工艺能够有效的去除机械加工过程产生的含油污水中的污染物,即工艺进口ρ(COD)从171 641 mg/L下降到小于50 mg/L,达到地方排放标准,处理效果良好。     

多孔陶瓷材料在高温气体干法除尘中的应用

随着科技的发展和人们环境意识的不断加强,环保产业的高科技化趋势日益明显,新材料技术在环保领域中的运用也越来越广泛。介绍了多孔陶瓷材料和该材料在高温气体干法除尘中的应用,并着重探讨了几种典型多孔陶瓷除尘器的结构特征和性能优缺点,通过比较国内外对多孔陶瓷材料在高温气体除尘中的应用现状,提出了该技术在未来的发展趋势和方向。     

The interplay between foraging mode, habitat structure, and predator presence in antlions

Antlion larvae are sand-dwelling insect predators, which ambush small arthropod prey while buried in the sand. In some species, the larvae construct conical pits and are considered as sit-and-wait predators which seldom relocate while in other species, they ambush prey without a pit but change their ambush site much more frequently (i.e., sit-and-pursue predators). The ability of antlion larvae to evade some of their predators which hunt them on the sand surface is strongly constrained by the degree of sand stabilization or by sand depth. We studied the effect of predator presence, predator type (active predatory beetle vs. sit-and-pursue wolf spider), and sand depth (shallow vs. deep sand) on the behavioral response of the pit building Myrmeleon hyalinus larvae and the sit-and-pursue Lopezus fedtschenkoi larvae. Predator presence had a negative effect on both antlion species activity. The sit-and-wait M. hyalinus larvae showed reduced pit-building activity, whereas the sit-and-pursue L. fedtschenkoi larvae decreased relocation activity. The proportion of relocating M. hyalinus was negatively affected by sand depth, whereas L. fedtschenkoi was negatively affected also by the predator type. Specifically, the proportion of individual L. fedtschenkoi that relocated in deeper sand was lower when facing the active predator rather than the sit-and-pursue predator. The proportion of M. hyalinus which constructed pits decreased in the presence of a predator, but this pattern was stronger when exposed to the active predator. We suggest that these differences between the two antlion species are strongly linked to their distinct foraging modes and to the foraging mode of their predators. Reut Loria and Inon Scharf contributed equally to the paper.     

油罐底泥的脱水性能实验

以胜利油田胜利采油厂两种油罐底泥为研究对象,采用实验室压滤装置进行了压滤脱水实验研究。1号油泥干基含油率20.97%、固体平均粒径289.2μm,2号油泥干基含油率45.41%,固体平均粒径45.36μm。研究发现:1号油泥无需添加任何助滤剂即可实现顺利脱水,过滤比阻在1×1011m/kg左右,滤饼压缩性指数为0.09。2号油泥需添加干基油泥0.15倍以上的TSM助滤剂方可实现脱水,TSM投加量增大有助于滤饼比阻降低,并减弱滤饼的可压缩性。含油率和固体粒径是影响罐底泥脱水性能的重要因素。     

活性炭颗粒对超细颗粒物的过滤性能

UFPs(超细颗粒物)对人体危害较大且难以脱除,但活性炭颗粒床利用多孔结构可以提高其过滤效率. 为探究试验条件对UFPs过滤效率的影响以及活性炭孔隙结构和UFPs过滤效率之间的关系,以实验室发生UFPs为研究对象,活性炭为过滤介质,对活性炭颗粒粒径、滤层厚度以及表观风速等条件对过滤UFPs的影响进行了研究,并通过对比过滤前后活性炭的孔径分布,分析活性炭多孔性与UFPs的关系. 结果表明:当活性炭颗粒平均粒径由2.50 mm减至0.45 mm、滤层厚度由20 mm增至100 mm、表观过滤风速由4.25 cm/s降至0.84 cm/s时,总过滤效率分别由41.87%、49.39%、68.24%升至86.27%、89.29%、83.04%;但从活性炭的单颗粒过滤效率和过滤质量角度来看,在活性炭颗粒粒径大、滤层厚度小、表观过滤风速低的条件下,更有利于单个活性炭颗粒的过滤作用的发挥;当UFPs粒径小于14.3 nm时,UFPs发生“热反弹”效应,并且主要过滤机理是扩散效应,但随着UFPs粒径增大,拦截和惯性碰撞对过滤效率的作用增强;活性炭500 nm以下的孔隙结构对脱除UFPs起着重要作用. 研究显示,选择含有更多500 nm以下孔隙的多孔材料更有利于过滤UFPs.      

生物活性炭老化对滤池过滤阻力和处理效果的影响

利用饮用水厂运行10年的生物活性炭(BAC)装填滤柱,研究活性炭老化对滤柱过滤阻力和处理效果的影响.结果表明,活性炭老化会产生大量小粒径颗粒炭,沉积于活性炭池表层的小粒径颗粒炭产生的过滤阻力是滤柱总阻力的主要来源,其比阻约为底层炭的22倍.强化反冲洗仅可降低初始过滤阻力,移除表层细炭是降低活性炭滤池阻力的有效方法.强化反冲洗对滤柱过滤性能无显著影响.移除表层细炭后,老化活性炭滤柱对总有机碳的去除率由24.71%下降至7.04%,而后恢复至移除前的水平.移除表层炭后老化活性炭对UV₂₅₄和大于2μm颗粒数的去除率与对照组活性炭相似.降低活性炭滤池的反冲强度、延长过滤周期是延长老化活性炭寿命的有效方法.