颗粒型厌氧生物膜改善高氢分压下丙酸降解抑制研究

为了改善氢辅助型原位沼气提纯系统中高氢分压对丙酸降解的抑制, 考察了不同颗粒型厌氧生物膜(有无载体、导电和非导电载体) 培养初期和末期的丙酸降解性能;并通过微生物形态和群落分析,探讨了颗粒型生物膜丙酸降解机制.结果表明,导电碳毡厌氧生物膜和厌氧颗粒污泥能有效改善高氢分压下丙酸降解抑制问题.其最大丙酸降解速率分别达到2.2,1.2mmol/(L·h).碳毡厌氧生物膜可能主要通过产酸细菌(Thermovirga、Levilinea、Syntrophomonas属)和产甲烷古菌(Methanosaeta属)的电子直接传递(DIET)途径实现丙酸的降解;而厌氧颗粒污泥降解丙酸的途径可能主要依靠产酸细菌(Syntrophobacter属)与嗜氢型甲烷菌(Methanolinea 、Methanobacterium属)的共生营养代谢过程.     

Performance and kinetics of iron-based oxygen carriers reduced by carbon monoxide for chemical looping combustion

Chemical looping combustion is a promising technology for energy conversion due to its low-carbon, high-efficiency, and environmental-friendly feature. A vital issue for CLC process is the development of oxygen carrier, since it must have sufficient reactivity. The mechanism and kinetics of CO reduction on iron-based oxygen carriers namely pure Fe₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ supported by alumina (Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃) were investigated using thermo-gravimetric analysis. Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃ showed better reactivity over bare Fe₂O₃ toward CO reduction. This was well supported by the observed higher rate constant for Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃ over pure Fe₂O₃ with respective activation energy of 41.1±2.0 and 33.3±0.8 kJ·mol⁻¹. The proposed models were compared via statistical approach comprising Akaike information criterion with correction coupled with F-test. The phase-boundary reaction and diffusion control models approximated to 95% confidence level along with scanning electron microscopy results; revealed the promising reduction reactions of pure Fe₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃. The boosting recital of iron-based oxygen carrier support toward efficient chemical looping combustion could be explained accurately through the present study.     

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen(NO_3-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated.During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO_3-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m~2·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24(mg/L)1/2/min,respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845,5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m~2 at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm~3 at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.     

浮动生物膜床反应器运行效果分析

对采用浮动生物膜床反应器处理高校生活污水工艺的运行效果进行了分析.通过定期监测代表性水质参数CODCr、BOD5、TP和TN,分析了各处理池对污水的处理效率.结果表明:此污水处理系统在运行效果下降期间,对日常用水变化量范围内的CODCr和BOD5能够起到相对稳定的净化作用;对TP和TN去除能力较差;沉淀池运行不稳是导致整个系统处理能力下降的主要原因.     

缺氧池填料投配比对A~2/O-MBR工艺反硝化除磷的影响

按20%的投配比往好氧1,2池中加入相同数量的悬浮式填料,将传统A2/O工艺转变为A2/O-MBR复合工艺。通过处理实际市政污水,重点考察了在缺氧池中不同填料投配比条件下,复合工艺的去除效果以及反硝化除磷效果。实验结果表明,当缺氧池中填料投配比为20%时,装置总体的处理效果最好。COD、总氮、氨氮和总磷的去除率分别达到了81.1%、80.3%、100%和85.2%。当投配比为10%时,反硝化除磷效果最明显,占总除磷量的48.3%。从经济角度出发,10%的投配比为最佳投配比。     

天然沸石处理富营养化水的生物基作用研究

采用实验室模拟封闭池塘水体的方法研究了天然沸石处理富营养化水的机理与方法,采用电镜等手段观察和研究了沸石生物膜的形态。结果表明,天然沸石是一种良好的生物基材料,具备生物膜功能的沸石对富营养化池塘水中的NH₃-N和COD能保持长效和稳定的去除作用,两者的去除率分别为85%～88%和64%～73%。对磷的去除以吸附为主,去除率可达27%,吸附饱和后沸石失去除磷效果。天然沸石的吸附、离子交换和生物作用,能形成一个完整和谐的吸收消化系统,使天然沸石始终处于吸附未饱和状态,是沸石去除NH₃-N和COD的重要机理。天然沸石来源广泛,价格不高,在富营养化池塘水净化中,具有效果持久、无二次污染和不影响水体景观的特点,在提高和改善水质的同时,对增强水生态系统的自净能力有利,是一种安全和纯生态的处理方法。     

一体式悬浮载体生物流化床啤酒废水处理研究

中小型点源污染的控制是提高水环境质量和解决水资源短缺的关键。一体式悬浮载体生物流化床(ISCBFB)占地面积小、处理效率高,适合中小型点源污水的处理。以公牛啤酒厂废水为试验原水进行了研究,试验期间进水COD平均浓度1 213.38 mg/L,出水平均为50.75 mg/L,平均去除率达到95.82%。进水氨氮平均浓度为22.50 mg/L,出水平均为4.31 mg/L,平均去除率达到80.99%,试验中全部出水水样COD及氨氮浓度均达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1988)一级标准。总之,一体式悬浮载体生物流化床对啤酒废水具有很好的去除效果。     

植物作为反硝化碳源

研究得到一种新型的筛选反硝化碳源的方法:可以通过比较材料浸出液的C/N值,筛选出有效的反硝化碳源;对芦苇秸秆、梧桐黄叶、梧桐绿叶、橘树叶、玉米秸秆和玉米芯6种材料浸出液的C/N值进行了研究,其中当以叶片作为反硝化固相碳源时,应该选取新鲜叶片作为研究对象。橘树叶和玉米芯均属于良好的反硝化碳源。以驯化后的河泥作为反硝化污泥,可以利用橘树叶或者玉米芯作为反硝化固相碳源,进行持续脱氮除磷反应,其中橘树叶脱氮效果强于玉米芯,而玉米芯除磷能力强于橘树叶。扫描电镜实验表明,橘树叶和玉米芯均适合作为生物膜载体。     

基于葛洲坝1号船闸模型的水流诱鱼试验研究

以鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)为研究对象,在自制的葛洲坝船闸模型中,研究水流诱导鱼类进入船闸的技术。诱鱼效果采用鱼平均聚集率(P)、诱集效率指数(I)、通过闸门频次(f)和上下游停留时间比(Tr)作为评价指标。研究结果表明:适当范围的水流流速对诱导鱼类进入船闸有一定的诱集作用。当闸门断面平均流速为0.45 m/s时,诱集效率最高,此时鱼类在船闸两侧区域平均聚集率和诱集效率指数最大,通过闸门频次最高;当水流流速为0 m/s(对照组)时,鱼类的活动规律不明显;当水流速度大于0 m/s且小于0.45 m/s时,鱼群聚集中心主要集中闸门内高流速区域;当流速超过0.45m/s后,逐渐增大时,鱼类进入船闸的频率呈下降趋势,鱼群聚集中心主要集中在闸门下游侧流速较稳定的区域;当流速超过0.75 m/s后,鱼类的顶流行为逐渐减弱,不再呈现向闸门聚集的趋势,出现逃逸行为。通过本研究,为鱼类行为学的研究提供基础数据,同时为中低水头水利枢纽船闸与鱼道结合的可行性研究提供参考依据。     

铀吸附实验研究现状

介绍了铀吸附实验的研究现状,对吸附铀的各种载体进行了总结。目前,主要采用静态法（批示法）和动态法（柱法）进行铀的吸附实验研究。吸附铀的载体主要有粘土,金属的水合氧化物等肢体,藻类及菌类,树脂等。主要考察pH值、温度、吸附时间、阴离子、阳离子、细菌浓度、铀浓度等对吸附速率及吸附量的影响。