A simple population theory for mutualism by the use of lattice gas model

The population dynamics of species interactions provides valuable information for life sciences. Lotka-Volterra equations (LVEs) are known to be the most popular model, and they are mainly applied to the systems of predation and competition. However, LVEs often fail to catch the population dynamics of mutualism; the population sizes of species increase infinitely under certain condition (divergence problem). Furthermore, LVEs never predicts the Allee effect in the systems of obligate mutualism. Instead of LVEs, several models have been presented for mutualism; unfortunately, they are rather complicated. It is, therefore, necessary to introduce a simpler theory for mutualism. In the present paper, we apply the lattice gas model which corresponds to the mean-field theory of the usual lattice model. The derived equations are cubic and contain only essential features for mutualism. In the case of obligate mutualism, the dynamics exhibits the Allee effect, and it is almost the same as in the male-female systems. In our model, the population sizes never increase infinitely, because our model contains not only intra- but also interspecific competitions. If the density of one species increases disproportionately in respect of its mutual partners, then this might imply downward pressure on the population abundance of the mutual partner species and such feedback would eventually act as a controlling influence on the population abundance of either species. We discuss several assumptions in our model; in particular, if both species can occupy in each cell simultaneously, then the interspecific competition disappears.     

川滇黔接壤区经济非均衡性的边界效应

以区域经济学为基础,选择基尼系数来研究川滇黔接壤地区的区域经济非均衡发展水平和空间分布特点。通过Chow检验,发现川滇黔接壤地区各县/市间存在结构性变化,行政边界阻碍了省间各县/市经济差异的缩小速度。运用Barro回归方程对川滇黔接壤地区1995—2008年经济非均衡性的边界效应进行了定量测定,研究发现虽然行政区边界对...     

乌鲁木齐市TSP分布特征及影响因素分析

利用大流量采样器采集了2009年乌鲁木齐市TSP样品,通过对样品和数据的分析处理,揭示了乌鲁木齐市TSP基本特征及影响因素：（1）市北郊、中心城区和南郊山区的TSP质量浓度年均值变化较大,卫星站为0.483 8 mg.m^-3,高于年轮实验室（0.453 6 mg.m^-3）和雷达站（0.227 6 mg.m^-3）,均高于国家年均浓度的二级标准（0.200 0 mg.m^-3）。各区域的TSP有很强的区域性分布特征,地形及能源消费状况是其主要影响因素。（2）雷达站、卫星站和年轮实验室季节平均浓度冬季最高,夏季最低,白杨沟夏季则最高,秋季最低。（3）市区TSP冬半年的月均浓度维持较高水平,受人为影响较小的白杨沟站TSP月均浓度变化很小;采样日TSP质量浓度与当日的气象条件和污染源排放情况有密切联系。（4）TSP质量浓度高于其他北方城市,远高于沿海城市,春季多风沙、冬季燃煤取暖和稳定的大气环境,是造成TSP质量浓度较高的主要因素。     

壬基酚与壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚对多刺裸腹溞的复合毒性效应

为了探讨壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚（NP10EO）与其降解产物壬基酚（NP）对多刺裸腹溞的复合毒性效应,在实验室条件下研究了NP和NP10EO单一暴露对多刺裸腹溞的急性毒性和亚慢性毒性,以及两者混合暴露对多刺裸腹溞的联合毒性效应。结果表明：NP和NP10EO两种物质单一暴露对多刺裸腹溞的24 h LC50分别为0.154和3.37 mg.L-1,48 h LC50分别为0.065和2.11 mg.L-1。联合毒性实验中,定义0.5×LC50（NP）＋0.5×LC50（NP10EO）为一个毒性单位（1TU）。NP和NP10EO混合暴露后对多刺裸腹溞的24 h和48 h的LC50分别是0.646TU和0.291TU,联合毒性强度明显高于两种物质单一暴露时的毒性强度。在持续混合暴露条件下,多刺裸腹溞的首次生殖时间延迟、母体体长和初生幼体体长严重缩短、首次生殖数量大幅减少。说明NP和NP10EO对多刺裸腹溞的复合毒性表现出明显的协同效应。     

抗生素在沉积物中的吸附机制及其影响因素

抗生素作为医疗业和农业使用量最大的药物之一,由于其本身的特性,很容易进入沉积物一水环境中。抗生素在沉积物中的吸附过程是影响抗生素的反应活性、可移动性、持久性及生物可利用性的关键过程。本文选择四环素类、喹诺酮类、磺胺类和大环内酯类4类常用抗生素,在总结了这4类抗生素在湖泊沉积物中污染状况的基础上,分析了抗生素在沉积物中的吸附机制,并归纳论述了pH值、盐度、重金属离子、表面活性剂以及水动力条件对其在沉积物上吸附的影响机制。     

广西桂林市全州县测土配方施肥水稻“3414”肥料效应田间试验结果分析

在广西桂林市全州县中等肥力土壤上的5年试验结果表明：水稻栽培增施N、P、K三要素肥料均具有增产效果,增产增幅N〉K〉P;全州县水稻栽培推荐的最大施肥量分别为N12.7 kg·666.7 m^-2,P 4.0 kg·666.7 m^-2,K 9.5 kg·666.7 m^-2;最佳施肥量分别为N11.7 kg·666.7 m^-2,P 3.5 kg·666.7 m^-2,K7.5 kg·666.7 m^-2。本研究结果为全州县测土配方施肥成果应用提供了依据。     

天然气增压站噪声和振动治理效果分析

分析了天然气增压站噪声的主要来源,在阐述降噪原理的基础上,根据增压站所在地区实际情况,采用更换消声器、修建减振沟、修建降噪厂房、优化降噪厂房墙体等不同措施,结合治理前后噪声监测数据分析,对不同措施降噪减振的效果进行评价,同时综合了采取不同措施的合理性,为类似增压站噪声和振动治理提供借鉴。     

Multi-level governance for large marine commons: Politics and polycentricity in Palau's protected area network

This paper brings together institutional theories of polycentricity and critical human geography theory on scalar politics to advance understanding of the form and function of nested, polycentric regimes for the governance of large-scale common pool resources. We focus on institutional changes associated with a national marine protected area network in Palau through which national government and NGOs gain influence in local decision-making processes. Influence is gained through an attempt to scale up common-pool resource governance to an ecologically-relevant spatial scale in an effort to protect coral reef resilience and biodiversity across Palau. An institutional approach informed by scalar politics brings into focus potential tradeoffs between organizing governance reform around ecologically versus institutionally relevant scales. Our analysis suggests that prioritization of ecologically-relevant scales in institutional reform resulted in more nested but less polycentric institutional arrangements governing the network. We conclude that less distributed decision-making in the overall nested governance system could threaten the sustainability and resilience of coral reefs in the long-term by constraining institutional innovation and diversity. Results demonstrate the potential for interdisciplinary dialog to advance the research frontier on multi-level governance for large common pool resources.     

建设项目景观环境影响评价探讨

本文在评价实例基础上，尝试性地探讨了建设项目景观环境影响评价的目的、原则、内容、方法和标准体系，以建立一种采用划分级别的定性评价方式。     

Toward an integrated analysis of mitigation and adaptation: some preliminary findings

Between 1999 and 2003, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) made a preliminary effort to integrate an analysis of mitigation and adaptation to climate change impact vulnerabilities in two ways: top-down and bottom-up. This paper briefly describes these early experiments and summarizes their findings, both about climate change vulnerability reduction and about the challenges of integrated analysis, expanding upon results previously reported [Wilbanks et al. (Environment 45/5:28–38, 2003); ORNL (Integrated analysis of mitigation and adaptation as responses to concerns about impacts of global climate change, ORNL Working paper 2003); ORNL and CUSAT 2003; Wilbanks 2005]. The U.S Government’s right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged