硝基芳烃对斜生栅列藻的毒性与结构相关性研究

采用量子化学ＭＮＤＯ法计算了１８种硝基芳烃化合物的分子量低空轨道能（ＥＬＵＭＯ）,了高占有轨道能（ＥＨＯＭＯ）,生成热之差△（△Ｈｆ）,偶极矩μ及净电荷ＱＮＯ２。用这５种量化参数对斜生栅列藻的急性毒性值进行定量构效关系（ＱＳＡＲ）研究,得到如下３参数方程：－ｌｏｇＥＣ５０＝２．９２－０．０７７△（△Ｈｆ）＋０．０８μ＋０．２８ＥＨＯＭＯ〈ｎ＝１８,ｒ＝０．９６１,Ｓ＝－０．１７３。应用所得方程计算     

微板吸光法测定9种农药对斜生栅藻的抑制毒性

以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)为指示生物,96微孔板为暴露反应载体,SpectraMax M5酶标仪为吸光度测试设备,建立了测定毒物对藻生长抑制毒性的微板吸光法.论文系统研究了微板吸光法中斜生栅藻的可见吸收光谱和生长曲线以及pH和暴露时间对藻生长的影响,同时应用该方法成功测定了环嗪酮、阿特拉津、西草净、扑灭通、苯嗪草酮、敌草快、草甘膦7种除草剂和磷胺、甲胺磷2种杀虫剂对斜生栅藻的剂量-效应曲线(DRC).通过对剂量-效应数据进行非线性最小二乘模拟,获得了这些农药的半数效应浓度EC50及置信区间.对比标准锥形瓶栅藻毒性试验,微板吸光法具有测试简便快速,所需样品体积少,便于多次平行毒性测试等优点.     

Identification of a phytotoxic photo-transformation product of diclofenac using effect-directed analysis

The pharmaceutical diclofenac (DCF) is released in considerably high amounts to the aquatic environment. Photo-transformation of DCF was reported as the main degradation pathway in surface waters and was found to produce metabolites with enhanced toxicity to the green algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus. We identified and subsequently confirmed 2-[2-(chlorophenyl)amino]benzaldehyde (CPAB) as a transformation product with enhanced toxicity using effect-directed analysis. The EC₅₀ of CPAB (4.8 mg/L) was a factor of 10 lower than that for DCF (48.1 mg/L), due to the higher hydrophobicity of CPAB (log K_ow = 3.62) compared with DCF (log D_ow = 2.04) at pH 7.0.     

酚类化合物抑制斜生栅藻生长的毒性效应

本文运用评价化学品对藻类毒性的标准实验方法,得出苯酚,邻氯苯酚、２,４－二氯苯酚和五氯酚抑制斜生栅藻生长的９６ｈ－ＥＣ５０分别为３４１．８５,２５和１．５ｍｇ·１＾－１,实验结果表明,在３００,３５０和４００ｍｇ·ｌ＾－１三种本酚初始浓度下,斜生栅藻都不具备降解苯酚的能力,即使在培养基中基本没有无机碳源的情况下,斜生栅藻仍不具备降解苯酚的能力。     

微藻固定化条件优化及其污水氨氮去除潜力分析

微藻污水处理被视为新概念引领下极具潜力的一项绿色技术,然而,微藻分离与采收一直是限制其大规模应用的瓶颈.本研究立足于固定化技术,以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)为研究对象,采用响应曲面法(RSM)耦合Box-Behnken设计,以固定剂浓度、交联剂浓度和交联时间为自变量,以藻球的机械强度、传质速率和生长速率为响应值,对固定化的过程参数进行优化,制备性能最优的固定化藻球;并探索和分析藻球对氨氮(NH4+-N)去除的最佳条件及其潜力.结果表明,固定剂浓度、交联剂浓度和交联时间分别为5%、2%和16 h为制备固定化藻球的最优条件,且包埋密度为1×106cells·m L~(-1),有机物(COD)浓度为300 mg·L~(-1)时,藻球混合培养去除NH4+-N的能力最强;此外,固定藻对高浓度NH4+-N的去除潜力显著优于自由藻,当初始浓度约为50和70 mg·L~(-1)时,固定藻混合培养5 d后NH4+-N去除率分别为(96. 6±0. 1)%和(65. 2±4. 5)%,而初始浓度约为30 mg·L~(-1)时,自由藻优势明显,3 d后NH4+-N去除率高达(97. 8±0. 6)%;但异养条件下固定藻对NH4+-N的去除率整体偏低且随浓度增加而降低,当初始浓度约为30 mg·L~(-1)时,去除率仅为(49. 0±3. 1)%.本研究为污水可持续处理提供了新思路,为资源回收提供了新途径,更为该技术推广应用奠定了较好的理论基础.     

双对栅藻FACHB-78甘油三酯积累的盐胁迫条件优化

以双对栅藻FACHB-78为研究对象,在NaCl质量分数0~45‰的条件下,研究了该藻生长形态、甘油三酯积累、光合活性等特性,确定了最优的盐胁迫条件.结果表明,随着盐度的增加,藻细胞密度逐渐下降,类胡萝卜素/叶绿素的比值逐渐上升,甘油三酯的积累量呈现先上升、后下降的趋势.在盐度为10‰的条件下,藻细胞密度比正常培养时降低了24.38%,甘油三酯浓度和含量均达到最大值,分别为250.88mg/L和33.41%,比正常培养时提高了97.05%和82.09%,且光合活性较高.对于生产生物柴油,在盐度为10‰的胁迫条件下,双对栅藻FACHB-78比在正常培养的藻细胞具有更大优势.     

氮磷形态与浓度对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响

以铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）和斜生栅藻（Scendesmus obliquus）为研究对象,分别以硝酸钠、氯化铵和尿素为氮源,以磷酸氢二钾、甘油磷酸钠和三磷酸腺苷为磷源,配置不同浓度的氮磷培养基（氮浓度1.00,4.00,8.00mg/L,磷浓度0.20,2.00mg/L）,通过一次性培养实验研究2种藻氮、磷饥饿时对不同形态和不同浓度氮磷的生长响应.结果表明,2种藻对氮、磷的形态和浓度响应均不同,且藻种之间也有明显的响应差异.铜绿微囊藻在3种浓度硝酸钠培养下比生长速率无显著差异,而斜生栅藻的比生长速率在硝酸钠4.00mg/L时达到最高,说明1.00mg/L的硝酸钠已满足铜绿微囊藻对氮的生长需求,斜生栅藻对氮的需求高于铜绿微囊藻.铜绿微囊藻在1.00,4.00mg/L氯化铵和尿素培养下的比生长速率相同,且比生长速率和现存量均高于同浓度硝酸钠培养组,说明相比于硝酸钠,铜绿微囊藻更喜欢利用还原态的氯化铵和尿素.但当氯化铵浓度高达8.00mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻比生长速率低于相同浓度尿素和硝酸钠培养组,也低于低浓度氯化铵培养组,说明高浓度氯化铵不利于铜绿微囊藻的生长.然而,斜生栅藻在8.00mg/L氯化铵培养下比生长速率和现存量与尿素培养时无显著差异,而且均高于硝酸钠培养组,说明斜生栅藻对氯化铵的耐受能力比铜绿微囊藻高.3种形态的磷均能被铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻利用,但铜绿微囊藻用高浓度有机磷培养时的现存量更高,斜生栅藻则在高浓度无机磷培养下生长更好,说明铜绿微囊藻比斜生栅藻能更好的利用有机磷,高浓度的无机磷不利于铜绿微囊藻生长.太湖目前铵氮浓度降低显著,水体无机磷占比很低,溶解态有机磷浓度占比较高,这些都更有利于蓝藻形成优势.     

Phenotypic plasticity in Scenedesmus incrassatulus (Chlorophyceae) in response to heavy metals stress

The microalgae genus Scenedesmus is commonly found in freshwater bodies, wastewater facilities and water polluted with heavy metals. Phenotypic plasticity in Scenedesmus has been documented in response to a wide variety of conditions; however, heavy metals have not been comprehensively documented as phenotypic plasticity inducers. In this study, we report the phenotypic plasticity of Scenedesmus incrassatulus (a non-spiny, four-cell coenobium forming species) in response to EC₅₀ value of copper, cadmium and hexavalent chromium. S. incrassatulus was grown in batch cultures in the presence of each metal. Chlorophyll-a content, cell size, parameters derived from the schematic energy-flux model for photosystem II, and morphotype expressions were recorded. Divalent cation metals induced unicellular forms, and hexavalent chromium produced out-of-shape coenobia corresponding to various stages of autospore formation. The changes induced by divalent metals were interpreted as phenotypic plasticity, because they were always associated to population doublings and were reversible when toxicant pressure was removed (only for Cu). Copper was the best inductor of unicellular forms and also affected significantly all the photosynthetic parameters measured. The developed morphotypes could confer ecological advantages to S. incrassatulus in metal stressed environments.     

商品氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻生长的影响及其生理生化效应

研究了商品氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)生长及生理生化指标的影响,以了解除虫菊酯农药对水生态系统的影响.在氯氰菊酯暴露下,藻细胞生长受到明显抑制,氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻生长的72h半效应浓度(EC50)为2.37mg/L.藻细胞所有生理生化指标对氯氰菊酯响应迅速,12h到达最大促进或者抑制效果,48h后趋于平稳.其中12h处理,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量上升,中等浓度组的促进作用最强;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则呈现出低浓度促进、高浓度抑制效应.氯氰菊酯能促进藻细胞膜脂氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的产生,且呈现出明显的剂量—效应关系,MDA含量可以作为监测氯氰菊酯污染的生物标记指标之一.研究结果表明,SOD活性抑制以及膜脂氧化是氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻的重要致毒机理,但自然环境中的氯氰菊酯水平不会对淡水水体浮游藻类的生长产生抑制作用.     

应用斜生栅藻生长抑制实验对重金属污染土壤的毒性进行诊断

应用斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus Obliquus）对重金属污染土壤的毒性进行诊断.结果表明,斜生栅藻的生长率与土壤中的重金属含量明显相关,并且随重金属投加量的增加而逐渐降低.对两种测试参数进行比较,发现采用细胞数生长率作为土壤毒性的检测指标要比采用光密度D(λ)增长率更为敏感.当采用细胞数生长率作为检测指标时,4种重金属的EC50顺序为Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd;采用光密度生长率作为检测指标时,4种重金属的EC