不同季节人为氯排放对二次气溶胶影响的数值模拟

利用WRF-CMAQ模式对比有无人为氯排放的模拟试验,定量分析了不同季节人为氯排放对二次无机气溶胶和二次有机气溶胶的影响.结果表明,人为氯排放对硫酸盐的影响较小,而硝酸盐对人为氯排放较为敏感,Cl-颗粒物与HNO₃、N₂O₅、NO₃和NO₂均可发生反应生成硝酸盐,同时NH₃也会转化为铵盐.人为氯排放使冬、春、夏、秋季硝酸盐月均浓度分别最高增加9.8μg/m³(34.3%)、1.5μg/m3(11.4%)、1.3μg/m³(9.1%)和2.6μg/m³(10.3%),铵盐月均浓度分别最高增加3.0μg/m³(30.7%)、0.6μg/m³(10.3%)、0.5μg/m3(6.5%)和1.1μg/m³(8.0%),冬季影响最大,夏季影响最小.人为氯排放增强了Cl原子和OH自由基对VOCs的降解作用,不同种类的SOA浓度略有上升,人...     

New parameterization scheme for effective indices for emissions from road transport

The local to regional processes of chemical transformations, washout and dry deposition cannot be directly resolved in global scale models, they rather need to be parameterized. A suitable way to account for the non-linearity, e.g., in chemical transformation processes, is the use of effective emission indices (EEIs). EEI translate the actual (small scale) emissions into input for global scale models, partially accounting for unresolved processes occurring shortly after the release of the emissions.The emissions from the road traffic have some specifics, because of which the concept of deriving EEI from the interaction of an instantaneous plume with the ambient air is perhaps not so convenient. A new parameterization scheme for the EEI from the road transport is suggested in the present paper, based on few simplifying assumptions and introducing the adjoin equations approach, which makes it possible to achieve unified, not depending on the specific emission pattern, procedure for calculating the EEI from road traffic.     

厦门地区气溶胶液态水含量特征及其对硝酸根生成的影响

环境气溶胶中包含大量吸湿性组分,其可吸收液态水,进而改变气溶胶的尺度及环境、气候效应,因此,需要对气溶胶液态水(ALW)开展研究。厦门地区环境空气中的水汽丰富,ALW在气溶胶中占比较大,但关于其特征和影响因素,目前仍缺乏相关报道。利用ISORROPIA Ⅱ热动力学平衡模型,对厦门地区PM_2.5中主要吸湿性物质的含量和特征,以及气溶胶液态水含量(ALWC)的季节和日变化规律进行了分析,并研究了影响ALWC的主要因素及其影响程度。研究结果显示,厦门地区二次离子对气溶胶吸湿性的贡献最大,冬季浓度最高。春梅雨季ALWC的平均值最高,达到了113.5 μg/m³。各季节ALWC占气溶胶总质量浓度的比例为37.1%~86.6%。厦门地区能见度和ALWC呈现负相关,ALWC水平决定了大气能见度整体状况。通过敏感性分析发现:硫酸根浓度对ALWC的影响显著,二者呈线性关系;硝酸根在低浓度的时候与ALWC也呈现线性相关,而当其浓度上升到一定水平后,对ALWC的影响不明显;温度变化对于ALWC几乎没有影响;相对湿度对ALWC的影响呈现指数变化。ALW对硝酸根的生成有明显的促进作用。通过分析硝酸根生成速率和ALWC的比值发现,在单位质量浓度条件下,白天ALW对硝酸根的生成的促进能力比夜间更强。此外,从季节角度,秋季单位浓度ALW对硝酸根的生成的促进能力最强。     

不同组合净水工艺对水中致突变物的去除

对５种组合净水工艺的出水及原水进行Ａｍｅｓ试验,结果显示,生物陶粒能部分去除水中直接致突变有机物,降低原水的ＭＲ比值,ＴＡ９８菌株ＭＲ比值在剂量为１Ｌ／皿水样及０．５Ｌ／皿水样时,分别比原水减少了４０．２％及４１．９％。     

我国城市污水处理的有效措施

我国水环境污染和水资源短缺,促进了污水处理厂的建设,而污水处理工艺在很大程度上决定了污水处理厂的投资、基建费用、用地和运行管理费用。文章介绍了我国有污水处理厂的工艺、投资和运行费用。结合我国的基本国情,提出了建立经济有效的处理工艺的措施。     

论城市室内环境中气溶胶污染问题

本文全面评述了室内环境中气溶胶的种类来源,化学组成,形成和自然清除机理。空气环境中气溶胶大致可分为：１．燃烧型气溶胶,主要包括各类燃料燃烧产生的烟雾和烟草烟雾等;２．矿物型气溶胶,包括粉尘,飞灰,石棉及其它天然纤维尘等;３．生物型气溶胶,包括植物生气溶胶,如动物皮屑及各类微生物等。     

Advanced oxidation of alkylphenol ethoxylates in aqueous systems

Alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates are ubiquitous wastewater contaminants. In this study the oxidation of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEO) and octylphenol ethoxylates (OPEO) by oxidant systems generating hydroxide radicals was evaluated. The reaction of each oxidant with a technical mixture of NPEO (Tergitol™) and OPEO (Triton X-100™) in ultrapure laboratory water and four aqueous environmental matrices was carried out in order to develop an understanding of reaction kinetics. The oxidation of APEOs was evaluated by hydroxyl radical generated by (1) hydrogen peroxide in the presence of ultraviolet light, (2) Fenton’s reagent, and (3) a photo-Fenton’s process. The second order kinetic rate constant for both NPEO and OPEO with hydroxyl radical was calculated to be 1.1 × 10¹⁰ M⁻¹ s⁻¹. The efficacy of the AOPs within an aqueous environmental matrix was dependent on the rate of formation of hydroxyl radical and the scavenging capacity of the matrix. A model based on the hydroxyl radical formation, scavenging capacity and the kinetic rate constant of target APEO was developed from the existing literature and applied to predict the concentration of APEOs in solution during advanced oxidation in different aqueous environmental matrices.     

Analysis of Long-term Measurements of Airborne Concentrations of Sulphur Dioxide and SO42- in the Rural United Kingdom

During the last two decades, the importance of sulphur dioxide as a pollutant has moved away from its association with suspended particulate matter, to it being a precursor of SO ₄ ^2- aerosol (acidic e.g. sulphuric acid, or neutralised e.g. ammonium sulphate). Co-located concentration data of sulphur dioxide and SO ₄ ^2- , at nine monitoring sites situated in predominantly rural areas in the United Kingdom, collected over the time period 1979–1995, have been analysed. The time series for both species are discussed for the sites. Further analysis has shown that there is a degree of correlation between sulphur dioxide and SO ₄ ^2- for most of the sites considered. This correlation is of approximately the same level for most of the sites taken independently and together, and in most cases the slopes and intercepts associated with the simple empirical model equations arising from the correlation analysis, are of the same order of magnitude. The implementation of these site-dependent model equations within dispersion models for the prediction of the concentration of airborne sulphate aerosol from knowledge of sulphur dioxide concentration is discussed. Furthermore, the correlation analysis revealed the influence of transported sulphate aerosol on the local concentration, especially during high concentration episodes.     

珠江三角洲某乡镇气溶胶中有机污染物的研究

通过对珠江三角洲某一乡镇的城区及三个乡村气溶胶有机污染物研究 ,发现烷烃类有机物高分子部分具有明显分不开的鼓包 ,污染较为显著 ;所有样品均含有多种多环芳烃 (PAHs) ,化合物种类比广州多 4～ 8种 ,并均含有机动车尾气排放的标志化合物烷基苯 (M Z91 ,92 )和塑料增塑剂等来源的邻苯二甲酸酯类 (M Z1 49)。表明该镇各区域均已明显受到机动车尾气排放和企业废气排放的污染。