臭氧对颗粒物中有机组分形成的关键作用

基于2019年10月广东省鹤山大气超级监测站的观测数据分析了臭氧浓度特征与单颗粒气溶胶中的有机物组分.结果表明,PM_2.5中OC的含量显著大于EC,OC/EC比值为0.7～10.4,其中,OC/EC>2的比例占91%,表明有机碳主要来自二次生成.高臭氧浓度下二次组分(Sec)单颗粒和老化有机无机碳(ECOC-aged)单颗粒的数浓度显著增加,Sec和ECOC-aged单颗粒中含乙酸根(⁵⁹CH₃CO₂^-)和乙醛酸(⁷³C₂HO₃^-)的单颗粒数浓度呈单峰分布,两种有机单颗粒的增加都发生在下午臭氧浓度升高光化学反应较强的时段,表明大气氧化性增强有利于含氧有机物的生成.此外,Sec单颗粒中两种有机单颗粒的峰值出现在16:00,而ECOC-aged单颗粒中两种有机单颗粒的峰值出现在18:00之后,这种差异产生的原因可能与含氧有机物氧化形成的过程有关,ECOC-aged粒子中的含氧有机物主要来自...     

大型钢铁企业典型工序碳排放系数的确定方法探讨

为准确合理地确定适合于钢铁行业实际的碳排放系数,通过碳平衡算法求出了各工序的碳排放量,然后按碳排放系数的定义反算出了各工序的碳排放系数.同时,通过对某大型钢铁企业焦化、烧结、炼铁3个典型工序的原料产能的实测数据调查,首先基于碳平衡方程计算出典型工序的碳排放量,然后由碳排放量计算其碳排放系数.最后以该大型钢铁企业2009年的调查数据为例,按本方法计算出的焦化、烧结、炼铁工序的碳排放系数分别为0.518、0.210、1.375,与IPCC提供的默认值(0.56、0.20、1.35)极为吻合.这一结果表明,该方法用于我国钢铁行业碳排放系数体系的建立是可行的.     

西安冬春季PM10中碳气溶胶的昼夜变化特征

为探讨西安市大气碳气溶胶的季节变化和昼夜变化特征及来源,于2006-12-19~2007-01-21(冬季)和2007-04-01~2007-04-30(春季)连续采集了大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)样品,并采用IMPROVE热光分析法分析了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的昼夜浓度.结果显示,冬季白天PM10及其中OC和EC的平均浓度分别为455.0、62.4和7.5μg/m3,夜晚的平均浓度分别为448.7、66.1和6.9μg/m3,对应春季白天的平均浓度分别为397.9、26.7和6.9μg/m3,夜晚分别为362.1、31.9和8.6μg/m3.冬季白天OC与EC的相关系数为0.44,较之春季0.81要差,主要与冬季采暖期燃料的多样性有关.碳气溶胶组分中,冬季白天和晚上二次有机碳气溶胶(SOC)的平均浓度为8.9和10.2μg/m3,远高于春季(2.8和3.4μg/m3),说明冬季较高的OC排放及较低的大气扩散能力利于碳气溶胶中SOC的生成.对碳气溶胶8种组分的因子分析结果表明,冬季燃煤排放及郊区的生物质排放对碳气溶胶有重要的贡献,而春季机动车的贡献明显增加.     

Role of secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing

A field experiment from 18 August to 8 September 2006 in Beijing, China, was carried out. A hazy day was defined as visibility < l0 km and RH (relative humidity) < 90%. Four haze episodes, which accounted for ~ 60% of the time during the whole campaign, were characterized by increases of SNA (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA (secondary organic aerosol) concentrations. The average values with standard deviation of SO₄^2 −, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and SOA were 49.8 (± 31.6), 31.4 (± 22.3), 25.8 (± 16.6) and 8.9 (± 4.1) μg/m³, respectively, during the haze episodes, which were 4.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 1.7 times those in the non-haze days. The SO₄^2 −, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, and SOA accounted for 15.8%, 8.8%, 7.3%, and 6.0% of the total mass concentration of PM₁₀ during the non-haze days. The respective contributions of SNA species to PM₁₀ rose to about 27.2%, 15.9%, and 13.9% during the haze days, while the contributions of SOA maintained the same level with a slight decrease to about 4.9%. The observed mass concentrations of SNA and SOA increased with the increase of PM₁₀ mass concentration, however, the rate of increase of SNA was much faster than that of the SOA. The SOR (sulfur oxidation ratio) and NOR (nitrogen oxidation ratio) increased from non-haze days to hazy days, and increased with the increase of RH. High concentrations of aerosols and water vapor favored the conversion of SO₂ to SO₄^2 − and NO₂ to NO₃⁻, which accelerated the accumulation of the aerosols and resulted in the formation of haze in Beijing.     

青岛沿海大气气溶胶中无机组分在粗、细粒子上的分布

在1997-09～1998-08分4次对大气气溶胶进行了监测.结果表明:青岛沿海地区的气溶胶质量浓度多集中于＜2.5μm的细粒子中,同时采暖季节细粒子比例浓度大大高于非采暖季节.SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、K⁺主要存在于粒径小于2.5μm的细粒子中.Na⁺、Cl^-、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺则主要存在于大于2.5μm的粗粒子中,冬季F^-、Cl^-、Br^-均主要存在于细粒子中,而夏季则主要存在于粗粒子中,表明这3种离子在气溶胶粒径分布中可能受人为燃烧源和温度影响.     

四川温江黑碳气溶胶浓度观测研究

结合常规气象资料,对1999年9月至2000年8月在四川温江获得的黑碳气溶胶观测资料进行分析.结果表明,该地黑碳气溶胶浓度变化十分剧烈,日平均浓度在1200～20000 ng·m-3之间.其浓度日变化具有明显的双峰特征;季节变化表现为冬季1月最大,中值接近8000ng·m-3,5月也存在一个浓度高值.黑碳浓度及其变化特征与该地盆地性气候、降水湿清除和局地人为活动的影响有很大关系,由小时平均浓度最大出现频数统计分析得出该地区大气黑碳气溶胶本底浓度约为2850 ng·m-3.     

南京北郊黑碳气溶胶污染特征及影响因素分析

利用2015年1~10月黑碳小时平均质量浓度、PM2.5浓度、污染气体及常规气象观测资料,对南京北郊黑碳气溶胶的时间序列演变特征、污染特征及其影响因子进行了分析.结果表明,观测期间南京北郊黑碳浓度均值为(2 524±1 754)ng·m~(-3).黑碳浓度具有明显的季节变化,冬季最高,平均值达到(3 468±2 455)ng·m~(-3),春季平均值最低,为(2 142±1 240)ng·m~(-3);其日变化也具有明显的双峰结构,峰值出现在上午07:00~08:00和夜间21:00~22:00.黑碳气溶胶与NOx的相关性较好,说明黑碳浓度受机动车尾气排放的影响较大;但观测期间ΔBC/ΔCO比值较低,表明生物质燃烧可能是黑碳气溶胶的又一个重要来源.黑碳浓度随风速增加呈下降趋势,所有季节中小于2 000 ng·m~(-3)的低黑碳浓度主要集中在正西风及相邻风向上,秋冬季大于6 000 ng·m~(-3)的高黑碳浓度则多出现在偏东风下.灰霾和重度霾天气下的黑碳浓度平均值呈较高水平,是非霾天气下的2~2.3倍.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a four-compartment periodic anaerobic ba ed reactor

Periodic anaerobic baffled reactor (PABR) is a novel reactor based on the design concept of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). Residence time distribution (RTD) studies on both clean and working reactors at the same hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 2 d were carried out to investigate the dead spaces and mixing patterns in PABRs at different organic loading rates (OLRs) in various switching manners and frequencies.The results showed that the fraction of dead space in PABR was similar to that in ABR,which was low in comparison with other reactor designs.Dead space may be divided into two categories,hydraulic and biological.In RTD studies without biomass,the hydraulic dead space in the PABR run in an"every second"switching manner with T=2 d was the lowest whereas that in the PABR run in a T=∞(ABR) switching manner was the highest.The same trend was obtained with the total dead space in RTD studies with biomass no matter what the OLR was.Biological dead space was the major contributor to dead space but affected decreasingly at higher OLR whichever switching manner the PABR run in.The flow patterns within the PABRs were intermediate between plug-flow and perfectly mixed under all the conditions tested.     

江浙沪春节燃放烟花爆竹对垂直大气的影响

基于美国宇航局(NASA)的CALIPSO星载激光雷达L1卫星监测数据,通过分析532 nm总后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比,对江浙沪地区2009—2014年春节期间大气气溶胶光学与微物理特性进行研究,揭示了江浙沪地区春节期间大气气溶胶散射强度、颗粒规则性与颗粒大小的垂直分布特征.结果表明,燃放烟花爆竹产生的颗粒物主要聚集于对流层中低空,使低层大气散射能力增强、颗粒物尺度增大,使对流层中层大气颗粒物不规则性增强;气溶胶散射能力随高度增大单调减弱,不规则气溶胶在6~8 km高度内占比最大,颗粒随高度增大单调减小;对比各年情况发现,散射能力逐年增强.     

泸沽湖沉积物－水界面扩散作用对上覆水体基本化学组成的影响

通过云南泸沽湖──半封闭深水湖泊湖水和沉积物孔隙水中Ｃａ２＋、Ｋ＋、Ｎａ＋、ＨＣＯ等基本组分及ｐＨ等剖面分布的研究,结果表明,这些基本组分可以自底部沉积物向上覆水体扩散迁移。定量地估算了扩散通量及其对上覆水体的影响程度,说明湖泊沉积物－水界面作用在控制整个水体水化学基本组成中起着重要的作用。