西安冬春季PM10中碳气溶胶的昼夜变化特征

为探讨西安市大气碳气溶胶的季节变化和昼夜变化特征及来源,于2006-12-19~2007-01-21(冬季)和2007-04-01~2007-04-30(春季)连续采集了大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)样品,并采用IMPROVE热光分析法分析了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的昼夜浓度.结果显示,冬季白天PM10及其中OC和EC的平均浓度分别为455.0、62.4和7.5μg/m3,夜晚的平均浓度分别为448.7、66.1和6.9μg/m3,对应春季白天的平均浓度分别为397.9、26.7和6.9μg/m3,夜晚分别为362.1、31.9和8.6μg/m3.冬季白天OC与EC的相关系数为0.44,较之春季0.81要差,主要与冬季采暖期燃料的多样性有关.碳气溶胶组分中,冬季白天和晚上二次有机碳气溶胶(SOC)的平均浓度为8.9和10.2μg/m3,远高于春季(2.8和3.4μg/m3),说明冬季较高的OC排放及较低的大气扩散能力利于碳气溶胶中SOC的生成.对碳气溶胶8种组分的因子分析结果表明,冬季燃煤排放及郊区的生物质排放对碳气溶胶有重要的贡献,而春季机动车的贡献明显增加.     

城市污水二级处理出水用于地下回灌的深度处理技术研究

采用混凝沉降-砂滤-活性炭吸附-消毒工艺,对模拟城市污水处理厂二级处理工艺的SBR中试系统的出水进行了深度处理实验研究。实验结果表明,深度处理后的出水所检测的浊度、pH、COD、NH3-N、细菌总数等5项指标已经达到了《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749—2006）。     

Removal of virus aerosols by the combination of filtration and UV-C irradiation

● The removal of virus aerosols by filtration and UV-C irradiation was proposed. ● The filtration efficiency for virus aerosols was affected by the filtration rate. ● The inactivation rate by UV-C was not linear with irradiation intensity or time. ● The virus trapped by filter material had a shielding effect on UV-C irradiation. The COVID-19 pandemic remains ever prevalent and afflicting—partially because one of its transmission pathways is aerosol. With the widely used central air conditioning systems worldwide, indoor virus aerosols can rapidly migrate, thus resulting in rapid infection transmission. It is therefore important to install microbial aerosol treatment units in the air conditioning systems, and we herein investigated the possibility of combining such filtration with UV irradiation to address virus aerosols. Results showed that the removal efficiency of filtration towards f2 and MS2 phages depended on the type of commercial filter material and the filtration speed, with an optimal velocity of 5 cm/s for virus removal. Additionally, it was found that UV irradiation had a significant effect on inactivating viruses enriched on the surfaces of filter materials; MS2 phages had greater resistance to UV-C irradiation than f2 phages. The optimal inactivation time for UV-C irradiation was 30 min, with higher irradiation times presenting no substantial increase in inactivation rate. Moreover, excessive virus enrichment on the filters decreased the inactivation effect. Timely inactivation is therefore recommended. In general, the combined system involving filtration with UV-C irradiation demonstrated a significant removal effect on virus aerosols. Moreover, the system is simple and economical, making it convenient for widespread implementation in air-conditioning systems.     

Resetting relationship trajectories: A reconceptualization of the relationship repair process

Negative events within and outside of work can disrupt coworkers' relationships, triggering a re-evaluation of relationship quality. The subjective experience of these events – which we term relationship threats – harms relationships, resulting in long-lasting negative interpersonal and organizational consequences. Coworkers' responses to a relationship threat determine whether relationships are repaired or whether the threat leads to a loss of commitment, lowered satisfaction, and increased negative affect. Because of the critical role that relationships play in organizational life, it is vital that we have a comprehensive understanding of the repair process. To date, researchers have focused on one of three repair processes: trust repair. In reconceptualizing relationship repair, we flesh out the remaining two processes: relationship work and sensemaking. Our reconceptualization balances the restorative actions that mitigate in-the-moment harm with those that sustain these benefits over time. We expand our understanding of relationship repair by highlighting the role that narrative foundations play in determining a relationships' vulnerabilities and determining effective repair processes. We highlight the importance of considering relationship threats as events embedded within a relationship's history; identify narrative foundations as a bridging mechanism between disrupted relationships and their repair; and expand our conceptualization of the processes that repair relationships.     

养鸡场空气微生物污染及工人呼吸暴露风险

动物养殖场是空气环境微生物污染的重要来源,然而目前关于养殖场空气中微生物污染特征的时间规律少有报道.针对以上情况,以蛋鸡场为例,采用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序分别对养殖场空气和粪便环境中细菌分布特点及呼吸暴露展开为期80余周的研究.结果表明,空气和粪便样本中16S rRNA含量范围分别在6.08×10⁵ ~4.90×10⁶ copies·m^-3和4.27×10⁸ ~1.15×10¹⁰ copies·g^-1之间.空气中细菌浓度的平均值在冬季显著高于夏季,而生物多样性则呈现相反趋势.蛋鸡场空气与粪便中的优势细菌门均为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）.在所调查时间内,空气中前3个优势菌属的种类较为稳定,依次为乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）和栖粪杆菌属（Faecalibacterium）,而粪便中优势菌属则随养殖时间的增加波动较大.空气和动物粪便中细菌和致病菌群落结构的相关性均不显著,但不同介质中两种目标微生物的含量均显著相关.粪便中细菌的气溶胶化指数随养殖时间的增加而呈上升趋势,而致病菌趋势相反.其中,瘤胃菌科torques属（[Ruminococcus]_torques_group）、拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）和栖粪杆菌属（Faecalibacterium）为最易发生气溶胶化的前3个致病菌属.养鸡场工人的细菌呼吸暴露具有季节性差异,其中细菌和致病菌摄入量的平均值分别为2.54×10⁷ copies·d^-1和2.87×10⁵ copies·d^-1.研究结果将为系统评估养殖场空气微生物的污染特征和潜在健康风险,对以及制定相应的职业暴露行业标准和防控措施提供科学依据.     

天津冬季两个典型污染过程高浓度无机气溶胶成因及来源分析

无机气溶胶是天津冬季霾天出现的主要成分,研究挑选了2020年1月污染天中两个典型的高浓度无机气溶胶（SIA）过程（CASE1和CASE2）,利用观测数据和耦合了在线污染物来源追踪方法的大气化学传输模式NAQPMS综合探究了气象要素、区域输送和化学过程的影响.两个过程的ρ（SIA）均值分别为76.8 μg·m^-3和66.0 μg·m^-3,硝酸盐浓度高于硫酸盐和铵盐,均为硝酸盐为主导的污染过程.气象条件影响了无机气溶胶的生成,CASE1过程ρ（SIA）>80 μg·m^-3对应的温度和相对湿度区间分别是[-6℃,0℃]、[2℃,4℃]和[50%,60%]、[80%,100%];CASE2过程对应的温度和相对湿度区间分别是[2℃,4℃]和[60%,70%].外来源对CASE1和CASE2过程SIA的平均贡献率为62.3%和22.1%,分别为区域传输主导和局地生成主导过程.CASE1本地排放对硝酸盐和硫酸盐的贡献分别为16.2 μg·m^-3和8.2 μg·m^-3,均高于外来源的贡献（31.7 μg·m^-3和8.8 μg·m^-3）;CASE2过程本地排放对硝酸盐和硫酸盐的贡献分别为29.3 μg·m^-3和25.1 μg·m^-3,而外来源的贡献为8.1 μg·m^-3和9.4 μg·m^-3.这表明CASE1本地生成和外来源输送贡献造成硝酸盐高于硫酸盐浓度,而CASE2仅本地源造成硝酸盐浓度高于硫酸盐.两个污染过程气相氧化反应是无机气溶胶生成的首要来源,贡献率分别为48.9%和57.8%;非均相反应也是重要过程,对SIA的贡献率分别为48.1%和42.2%;液相反应的影响小.     

漯河市机动车尾气排放挥发性有机物源成分谱特征及影响

选取漯河市26辆不同类型车辆开展尾气排放挥发性有机物（VOCs）源采样,分析VOCs源成分谱特征及其对环境和人体健康的影响。结果表明：轻型汽油车尾气排放以含氧挥发性有机物（OVOC）和烷烃为主,特征物种主要包括丙酮、异戊烷、乙醛、2,3-二甲基丁烷和乙烯;柴油车尾气排放以OVOC和烯烃为主,特征物种主要包括丙酮、乙烯、乙醛、苯甲醛和丙烯醛。随着累计行驶里程的增加,汽油车烷烃排放增加47.3%,芳香烃排放下降122.4%。轻型汽油车尾气排放的OVOC和柴油车尾气排放的烯烃对臭氧生成潜势的贡献较高,芳香烃对二次有机气溶胶生成潜势贡献最大;国Ⅳ、国Ⅵ轻柴车和国Ⅳ重柴车的源活性因子较高,均为应当优先控制的机动车类型。检车场工作人员VOCs暴露存在非致癌和致癌健康风险,应加强健康防护。     

典型行业黑碳气溶胶排放对区域气候的影响模拟

黑碳气溶胶是大气气溶胶的重要组成成分,其对太阳短波辐射和红外辐射均有强烈的吸收作用,对区域气候有较大影响。利用区域气候模式RegCM3,加入自主编制的黑碳排放清单,模拟研究了2013年工业、交通、民用3个典型行业黑碳气溶胶地表吸收太阳辐射量的变化,分析不同行业黑碳气溶胶排放的气候效应。结果表明:黑碳气溶胶主要分布在华北、中原、长三角、珠三角和成渝地区,其中又以山东省和河北省的排放量最大,呈现明显的季节变化,即冬春季高于夏季;3个典型行业排放量排序表现为民用源>工业源>交通源;黑碳气溶胶使地表吸收太阳辐射量增大,引起的气候效应表现在使华北、中原、长三角等地区气温升高,川渝、珠三角地区气温降低;但引起的降水量变化不大,可能与该模式对降水量的模拟效果较差有关。     

室内生物气溶胶消杀措施及启示

关注室内空气中生物气溶胶的危害和传播规律,对于及时采取有效措施降低室内环境中病原体的传播以及交叉感染风险具有重要的意义。在充分认识生物气溶胶来源、危害及其传播规律,了解室内生物气溶胶的防控措施以及主要消杀手段的基础上,通过分析SARS冠状病毒的非光催化消杀技术案例,提出了室内非光催化消杀材料与高效滤除、紫外、臭氧等其他技术复合形成室内病原体消杀整体方案建议,为传染疾病的预防起到积极的作用。     

国外环境烟雾箱及其应用研究

概述了国外环境烟雾箱的定义、分类、壁效应、特性表征及国外环境烟雾箱及其应用研究。结果表明,国外环境烟雾箱的材料主要为Teflon FEP;室内烟雾箱体积较小但模拟条件可控性较强,室外烟雾箱体积大而模拟条件可控性较弱;多数烟雾箱的功能单一,不可移动,不能到达现场进行具有区域针对性的模拟研究,更不能开展人体暴露和建筑装饰装修材料中有害物质释放规律研究;每个环境烟雾箱都配备了先进的分析仪器如激光诱导荧光等;主要开展光化学烟雾机制机理、二次有机气溶胶的形成和新增痕量气体的大气化学行为等方面的研究。因此,建议未来我国建设的环境烟雾箱应根据不同科研目的,拓展其应用功能;制定环境烟雾箱应用研究战略,系统研究我国大气灰霾污染形成和对人体健康影响的机制机理,为我国全面防控区域大气污染的战略决策提供科学支持