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51.
52.
Oliver Schwab Peter Bayer Ronnie Juraske Francesca Verones Stefanie Hellweg 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(10):1884-1896
In industrialized countries, large amounts of mineral wastes are produced. They are re-used in various ways, particularly in road and earth constructions, substituting primary resources such as gravel. However, they may also contain pollutants, such as heavy metals, which may be leached to the groundwater. The toxic impacts of these emissions are so far often neglected within Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of products or waste treatment services and thus, potentially large environmental impacts are currently missed. This study aims at closing this gap by assessing the ecotoxic impacts of heavy metal leaching from industrial mineral wastes in road and earth constructions. The flows of metals such as Sb, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, V and Zn originating from three typical constructions to the environment are quantified, their fate in the environment is assessed and potential ecotoxic effects evaluated. For our reference country, Germany, the industrial wastes that are applied as Granular Secondary Construction Material (GSCM) carry more than 45,000 t of diverse heavy metals per year. Depending on the material quality and construction type applied, up to 150 t of heavy metals may leach to the environment within the first 100 years after construction. Heavy metal retardation in subsoil can potentially reduce the fate to groundwater by up to 100%. One major challenge of integrating leaching from constructions into macro-scale LCA frameworks is the high variability in micro-scale technical and geographical factors, such as material qualities, construction types and soil types. In our work, we consider a broad range of parameter values in the modeling of leaching and fate. This allows distinguishing between the impacts of various road constructions, as well as sites with different soil properties. The findings of this study promote the quantitative consideration of environmental impacts of long-term leaching in Life Cycle Assessment, complementing site-specific risk assessment, for the design of waste management strategies, particularly in the construction sector. 相似文献
53.
Acid-catalyzed heterogeneous oxidation with hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) has been suggested to be a potential pathway for secondary organic aerosol(SOA) formation from isoprene and its oxidation products. However, knowledge of the chemical mechanism and kinetics for this process is still incomplete. 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol(MBO321), an aliphatic alcohol structurally similar to isoprene, is emitted by pine forests and widely used in the manufacturing industries. Herein the uptake of MBO321 into H2SO4–H2O2mixed solution was investigated using a flow-tube reactor coupled to a mass spectrometer. The reactive uptake coefficients(γ) were acquired for the first time and were found to increase rapidly with increasing acid concentration. Corresponding aqueous-phase reactions were performed to further study the mechanism of this acid-catalyzed reaction. MBO321 could convert to 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol(MBO232) and yield isoprene in acidic media. Organic hydroperoxides(ROOHs) were found to be generated through the acid-catalyzed route,which could undergo a rearrangement reaction and result in the formation of acetone and acetaldehyde. Organosulfates, which have been proposed to be SOA tracer compounds in the atmosphere, were also produced during the oxidation process. These results suggest that the heterogeneous acid-catalyzed reaction of MBO321 with H2O2 may contribute to SOA mass under certain atmospheric conditions. 相似文献
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55.
济南市环境、社会、经济协调发展评价 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
建立了济南市城市环境、社会、经济协调评价指标体系,采用多目标二级决策方法对各指标的权重进行分配;在已有协调度计算方法的基础上,构建了协调度的计算公式;并运用该指标体系和协调度公式对济南市环境、社会经济协调状况进行评判。结果表明济南市的环境、社会经济之间发展是不平衡的,协调状况为中级协调水平;环境综合指数较低,表明环境的建设滞后于社会经济的发展。 相似文献
56.
中国台风灾害及其影响的研究 总被引:37,自引:7,他引:37
中国是世界上受热带气旋影响最严重的国家之一。本文对影响和登陆中国的热带气旋活动的特征、台风灾害特点及其形成规律作了分析,并讨论了台风灾害对中国社会和经济发展的影响。分析结果指出,影响中国的台风灾害具有发生频率高、突发性强、群发性显著、影响范围广、成灾强度大等特点,这类灾害主要由台风带来的狂风、暴雨、风暴潮及其引发的灾害链所造成。台风灾害不仅造成大批人员伤亡,而且对中国各个经济部门都有严重影响,它所 相似文献
57.
To further understand the dynamic mechanism of dust explosion through a vent duct, we designed a small-scale cylindrical vessel connected with a vent duct and performed a dust explosion venting experiment under different opening pressures using corn starch as the explosive medium in this study. The results show that weakening effect of duct on venting is positively correlated with the opening pressure. The explosion pressure in the duct presents a three-peak-structure with time, successively caused by the membrane breaking shock wave, the secondary explosion in the tube, and the continuous combustion, and decreases gradually with the propagation distance. Meanwhile, the three pressure peaks are positively correlated with the opening pressure, while the time interval between them goes to contrary. The increase of opening pressure leads to the increase of secondary explosion intensity and reverse flow in the vessel, further accelerates the reaction rate in the vessel, and then shortens the duration of combustion in the vessel until the phenomenon of flame reignition in the vessel disappears. 相似文献
58.
Anti-estrogenic activity in wastewater is gaining increased attention because of its endocrine-disrupting function. In this study, the level and removal efficiency by coagulation of anti-estrogenic activity in secondary effluents of domestic wastewater treatment plants were studied. Anti-estrogenic activity was detected in secondary effluent samples at a tamoxifen (TAM) equivalent concentration level of 0.38–0.94 mg-TAM L−1. Dissolved organic matters (DOM) with the molecular weight (MW) less than 3000 Da in hydrophobic acids (HOA) and hydrophobic neutrals (HON) fractions of the secondary effluent were the key fractions related to anti-estrogenic activity. Coagulation with FeCl3 and polyaluminium chloride (PAC) can remove the anti-estrogenic activity of the secondary effluents, but the removal efficiency was limited. The removal efficiency using FeCl3 coagulant was higher than that induced by PAC. Dissolved organic carbon was continuously removed with increased coagulant dose (0–120 mg L−1 FeCl3 or 0–60 mg L−1 PAC). However, the removal of anti-estrogenic activity was not enhanced further when the coagulant concentration was beyond a critical value (30 mg L−1 FeCl3 or 10 mg L−1 PAC). The highest removal of anti-estrogenic activity was about 36% by FeCl3 and 20% by PAC. Size exclusion chromatography results indicated difficulty in removing DOM with MW less than 3000 Da in the secondary effluent during coagulation even at a high coagulant concentration, which led to low removal efficiency of anti-estrogenic activity. 相似文献
59.
Recent studies indicate that secondary ozonides of cyclic alkenes are formed in atmospheric reactions and may be relatively stable. The secondary ozonides (SOZs) of cyclohexene (1), 1-methylcyclohexene (2), 4-isopropyl-1-methylcyclohexene (3) and 4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene (limonene) (4) have been characterized by rapid gas chromatography electron ionization (EI), negative and positive chemical ionization (CI: ammonia, isobutane and methane) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectrometry. Both EI and positive CI spectra were found unsuitable for reproducible analysis. However, negative CI showed stable (M−H)− ions with minor fragmentation. CID of the (M−H)− ions resulted in simple and reproducible fragmentation patterns for all four SOZs with loss of m/z 18, 44 and 60, tentatively assigned as H2O, CO2 and C2H4O2 or CO3, respectively. Thus, negative CI-MS–MS in combination with rapid gas chromatography is the preferred method for identification of secondary ozonides of cyclohexenes. 相似文献
60.
This study presents a meta-analysis of a collective dataset describing the succession from abandoned fields to semi-natural
grassland and heathland vegetation over the past century. The study objectives were to develop a method for statistical discrimination
between abandoned fields and semi-natural habitats and to analyze the probability that an abandoned field had developed into
a semi-natural habitat. A statistical classification model was developed, based on lists of vascular plants from 2059 plots
from Danish semi-natural grasslands and heathlands, and abandoned fields of varying age. This model was shown to discriminate
effectively between abandoned fields and semi-natural habitats, and it was found to be potentially useful for the detection
of abandoned fields approaching semi-natural vegetation. We suggest that the model may help clarify restoration targets and
assess biological condition in formerly cultivated areas. Statistical modeling revealed that succession age, period of abandonment
and succession trajectory had significant effects on the probability that abandoned fields reached the semi-natural phase.
Our study indicates that restoration projects targeting grassland and heathland should take local species pools and soil fertility
into account.
Nomenclature: Species names follow Flora Europaea (Tutin and others 1964–1993). 相似文献