Cu2+对两种生态型鸭跖草Cu积累和抗氧化酶的影响

在Hoagland培养基中加入CuSO4模拟Cu2 污染环境,比较了不同Cu2 浓度([Cu2 ])对鸭跖草(Commelina communis L.)耐性生态型和敏感生态型的耐性、Cu积累和抗氧化酶[过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)]的影响.结果表明,两种生态型鸭跖草的Cu2 中毒临界浓度和中毒症状有明显的差异,[Cu2 ]≥40祄ol/L时,耐性生态型鸭跖草的耐性明显高于敏感生态型.耐性生态型鸭跖草叶和根中的Cu2 含量都明显高于敏感生态型,根中更为明显.不同生态型甚至同一生态型不同器官的POD、CAT、SOD活性对Cu2 的敏感性不同.一般来说,根对Cu2 的敏感性高于叶;POD活性对Cu2 的敏感性高于CAT和SOD.根比叶在清除丙二醛(MDA)的过程中起更重要作用.耐性生态型鸭跖草叶和根中CAT、POD和SOD活性、叶中MDA的变化并没有与根中MDA含量的变化趋势(大幅增加)保持一致,表明除了抗氧化酶外,可能还存在其他机制影响耐性生态型与敏感生态型鸭跖草在Cu2 耐性上的差异.     

四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对菲律宾蛤仔组织解毒代谢酶活力与DNA损伤的影响

研究了四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)鳃丝和消化盲囊芳烃羟化酶(AHH)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、DNA损伤(F值)的影响.结果表明:BDE-47对菲律宾蛤仔鳃丝和消化盲囊AHH、GST、SOD活力和...     

Heavy metal pollution status in surface sediments of Swan Lake lagoon and Rongcheng Bay in the northern Yellow Sea

The national ‘Shandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone Development Plan’ compels the further understanding of the distribution and potential risk of metals pollution in the east coast of China, where the rapid economic and urban development have been taken off and metal pollution has become a noticeable problem. Surface sediments collected from the largest swan habitat in Asia, the Swan Lake lagoon and the surrounding coastal area in Rongcheng Bay in northern Yellow Sea, were analyzed for the total metal concentrations and chemical phase partitioning of five heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cr). Metal contents in the studied region have increased significantly in the past decade. The speciation analyzed by the sequential extraction showed that Zn and Cr were present dominantly in the residual fraction and thus of low bioavailability, while Cd, Pb and Cu were found mostly in the non-residual fraction thus of high potential availability, indicating significant anthropogenic sources. Among the five metals, Cd is the most outstanding pollutant and presents high risk, and half of the surface sediments in the studied region had a 21% probability of toxicity based on the mean Effect Range-Median Quotient. At some stations with comparable total metal contents, remarkably different non-residual fraction portions were determined, pointing out that site-specific risk assessment integrating speciation is crucial for better management practices of coastal sediments.     

南京市典型水域沉积物中重金属形态分布特征

采用顺序提取的方法对南京市典型河流和湖泊水域的沉积物进行重金属化学形态研究,分析了Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr 6种重金属元素在不同水体沉积物中各个形态赋存的含量分布特征。结果表明,6种元素生物有效性排序为:Cd PbZn Cu Ni Cr,其中Cd和Pb以弱酸提取态和可还原态为主要存在形态,其不仅会对上覆水体产生二次污染,对水生动植物也具有较强的危害性。另外,通过结果间接反映出受人类生产生活影响大的水体,受污染的程度更高,各种金属元素赋存的形态也更易迁移转化,在环境治理方面更应受到重视。     

土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的降解及其对土壤酶活性的影响

邻苯二甲酸酯类物质(PAEs)是一类在环境中广泛存在的有毒有机化合物,本研究探讨了不同浓度梯度的4种PAEs在土壤中的降解,及其对不同土壤酶活性的影响.用GC-MS法测定土壤溶液中PAEs的浓度,结果表明,土壤中的微生物对PAEs的降解起主要作用,对降解数据拟合发现,PAEs降解符合一级动力学方程,并且碳链越短的酯降解效果越好,降解速率越高.在相对高浓度的PAE30环境中,碳链较长的DnOP的降解效率要低于相对低浓度时的降解率,且在40 d后只能降解73%.采用标准方法测定基质酶的活性,在PAEs加入土壤之后,β-葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性均有变化.磷酸酶的活性先降低后升高,β-葡萄糖苷酶活性缓慢下降,蛋白酶活性先升高后降低,脲酶则呈逐渐升高的趋势.但是随着胁迫时间的延长(20 d后),除了β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性继续降低,其他酶活性都逐渐恢复,并超过了对照组.     

Effects of benthic hydraulics on sediment oxygen demand in a canyon-shaped deep drinking water reservoir: Experimental and modeling study

Sediment oxygen demand (SOD) is a major contributor to hypolimnetic oxygen depletion and the release of internal nutrient loading. By measuring the SOD in experimental chambers using in both dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion and diffusional oxygen transfer methods, a model of SOD for a sediment bed with water current-induced turbulence was presented. An experimental study was also performed using near-sediment vertical DO profiles and correlated hydraulic parameters stimulated using a computational fluid dynamics model to determine how turbulences and DO concentrations in the overlying water affects SOD and diffusive boundary layer thickness. The dependence of the oxygen transfer coefficient and diffusive boundary layer on hydraulic parameters was quantified, and the SOD was expressed as a function of the shear velocity and the bulk DO concentrations. Theoretical predictions were validated using microelectrode measurements in a series of laboratory experiments. This study found that flow over the sediment surface caused an increase in SOD, attributed to enhanced sediment oxygen uptake and reduced substances fluxes, i.e., for a constant maximum biological oxygen consumption rate, an increased current over the sediment could increase the SOD by 4.5 times compared to stagnant water. These results highlight the importance of considering current-induced SOD increases when designing and implementing aeration/artificial mixing strategies.     

异丙醇增感电感耦合等离子体质谱法直接测定土壤和沉积物中硒

提出了沸水浴混合酸法消解,以异丙醇为增感剂,电感耦合等离子体质谱直接测定土壤和沉积物中硒的方法。实验表明2mol/L硝酸-4mol/L盐酸混酸能有效溶出土壤和沉积物中各种形态的硒。相对于1%硝酸基体,4%(V/V)异丙醇基体中硒的ICP-MS响应值提高了12.1倍;而且4%(V/V)异丙醇基体可有效抑制硒的质谱干扰。ICP发射功率和雾化气流速是影响异丙醇在ICP-MS测定过程增敏效应的主要因素。以78硒为测定同位素,方法检出限为0.005mg/kg,实际样品测定精密度均小于5%。用于测定土壤和沉积物国家标准样品并对其消解液进行加标回收实验,结果令人满意。     

顶空气相色谱法测定土壤或底泥中挥发性苯系物

采用顶空气相色谱法测定了土壤或底泥中的挥发性苯系物,测定了苯系物在10%NaCl水溶液60℃时的分配常数,给出了加入土壤导致液相体积改变的校正方法。用10% NaCl水溶液作为提取剂在 60℃加热平衡60min, 对5个苯系物的平均回收率达到73.6%, 检出限为4.2~5.5ng/g。     

聚苯乙烯纳米塑料对大蒜生长生理的影响

自然环境中的微/纳米塑料污染日趋严重,但纳米塑料对农作物生长的潜在影响尚不清楚.通过营养液培养方式,探讨了粒径为80 nm的聚苯乙烯纳米塑料（polystyrene nanoplastics,PS-NPs）对金乡大蒜（Allium sativum L.）叶绿素含量、抗氧化性能和营养品质的影响.结果显示,添加PS-NPs处理的大蒜,其叶片叶绿素含量均显著低于对照组,叶绿素的合成受到抑制.大蒜叶片SOD、APX活性和脯氨酸含量随着PS-NPs质量浓度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势.10 d处理时大蒜叶片POD活性随PS-NPs质量浓度的增加而上升,但在20 d处理时,各处理组POD活性均受到抑制.大蒜叶片MDA质量摩尔浓度随PS-NPs质量浓度的增加而增加,在ρ（PS-NPs）为100 mg·L^-1处理下,10 d和20 d处理时其含量相比对照分别增加43.24%和89.70%.同时,经ρ（PS-NPs）为100 mg·L^-1胁迫处理10 d后,大蒜叶片可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和维生素C含量均高于对照组,但20 d后,维生素C含量较对照则降低了26.53%.以上结果表明PS-NPs能对大蒜产生较为显著的氧化胁迫效应,且较高质量浓度的PS-NPs胁迫会对大蒜叶片的营养品质产生一定的影响.     

Dynamics of copper and zinc sedimentation in a lagooning system receiving landfill leachate

This study characterises the sediment dredged from a lagooning system composed of a settling pond and three lagoons that receive leachates from a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill in France. Organic carbon, carbonate, iron oxyhydroxides, copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentrations were measured in the sediment collected from upstream to downstream in the lagooning system. In order to complete our investigation of sedimentation mechanisms, leachates were sampled in both dry (spring) and wet (winter) seasonal conditions. Precipitation of calcite and amorphous Fe-oxyhydroxides and sedimentation of organic matter occurred in the settling pond. Since different distributions of Zn and Cu concentrations are measured in sediment samples collected downstream in the lagooning system, it is suggested that these elements were not distributed in a similar way in the leachate fractions during the first stage of treatment in the settling pond, so that their sedimentation dynamics in the lagooning system differ. In the lagoons, it was found that organic carbon plays a major role in Cu and Zn mobility and trapping. The presence of macrophytes along the edges provided an input of organic matter that enhanced Cu and Zn scavenging. This edge effect resulted in a two-fold increase in Cu and Zn concentrations in the sediment deposited near the banks of the lagoons, thus confirming the importance of vegetation for the retention of Cu and Zn in lagooning systems.