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591.
分别采用微波萃取-气相色谱/质谱法、加速溶剂萃取提取-液相色谱/质谱法对采自太滆运河5个沉积物样品中的6种邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)、13种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和9种有机磷酸酯(OPEs)的质量比及分布进行研究。结果表明,所有样品中均检测到PAEs、PBDEs和OPEs(以总量计),其总质量比分别为1.99~6.90μg/g,47~572和17.1~69.7 ng/g;十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)和磷酸三异辛酯(TEHP)分别是质量比最高的PBDEs和OPEs;对于PAEs,入太湖点位处邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)质量比较高,其余点位则是邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)质量比较高;ω(PAEs)、ω(PBDEs)和ω(OPEs)两两间线性相关性较好,指示其来源相同;下游沉积物中污染物的质量比均高于上游,沿岸生产、生活中增塑剂和阻燃剂对太湖的污染应引起更多关注。 相似文献
592.
提出了用平台石墨炉原子吸收法测定底质中镉的方法,以2g/L PdCI2溶液为基体改进剂,能有效地消除底质样品的基体效应,方法简单。用此方法对底质标准样品和太湖底质进行测定,回收率在95%~98%之间,检测限为0.03μg/L,取得了较满意的结果。 相似文献
593.
Iannuzzi TJ Armstrong TN Long ER Iannuzzi J Ludwig DF 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,139(1-3):257-275
The lower Passaic River in northern New Jersey (USA) has been heavily industrialized since the mid-nineteenth century and
its shoreline and aquatic habitats degraded or destroyed. Similar to other urban systems, Passaic River sediments, both surface
and buried, historically have contained elevated levels of numerous contaminants that may pose risks to ecological receptors
and humans. Sediments from 15 stations in the lower Passaic River and 3 reference stations in the Mullica River in southern
New Jersey were sampled in 1999 and characterized for chemical contamination, toxicity, and impairment of the benthic community.
The objective of this study was to determine the incidence, degree, and nature of degraded surficial sediments in the area
to support subsequent plans for restoration of the system. Results demonstrated that Passaic River sediments had concentrations
of many organic and inorganic contaminants at levels significantly greater than the reference area and effect-based guidelines.
Sediments were toxic to marine amphipods at 11 stations and the benthic assemblages were impaired relative to the reference
area at all stations. The weight-of-evidence of this sediment quality triad (SQT) assessment indicates that impacts from multiple
contaminants are occurring throughout the lower Passaic River and, that these impacts must be evaluated further and addressed
as part of ongoing restoration initiatives for the river. 相似文献
594.
Effects of soil data resolution on SWAT model stream flow and water quality predictions 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8
The prediction accuracy of agricultural nonpoint source pollution models such as Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) depends on how well model input spatial parameters describe the characteristics of the watershed. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of different soil data resolutions on stream flow, sediment and nutrient predictions when used as input for SWAT. SWAT model predictions were compared for the two US Department of Agriculture soil databases with different resolution, namely the State Soil Geographic database (STATSGO) and the Soil Survey Geographic database (SSURGO). Same number of sub-basins was used in the watershed delineation. However, the number of HRUs generated when STATSGO and SSURGO soil data were used is 261 and 1301, respectively. SSURGO, with the highest spatial resolution, has 51 unique soil types in the watershed distributed in 1301 HRUs, while STATSGO has only three distributed in 261 HRUS. As a result of low resolution STATSGO assigns a single classification to areas that may have different soil types if SSURGO were used. SSURGO included Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs) with soil types that were generalized to one soil group in STATSGO. The difference in the number and size of HRUs also has an effect on sediment yield parameters (slope and slope length). Thus, as a result of the discrepancies in soil type and size of HRUs stream flow predicted was higher when SSURGO was used compared to STATSGO. SSURGO predicted less stream loading than STATSGO in terms of sediment and sediment-attached nutrients components, and vice versa for dissolved nutrients. When compared to mean daily measured flow, STATSGO performed better relative to SSURGO before calibration. SSURGO provided better results after calibration as evaluated by R(2) value (0.74 compared to 0.61 for STATSGO) and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of Efficiency (NSE) values (0.70 and 0.61 for SSURGO and STATSGO, respectively) although both are in the same satisfactory range. Modelers need to weigh the benefits before selecting the type of data resolution they are going to use depending on the watershed size and level of accuracy required because more effort is required to prepare and calibrate the model when a fine resolution soil data is used. 相似文献
595.
扬州古运河底泥重金属污染潜在生态危害评价 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
对扬州古运河底泥重金属污染潜在生态危害进行了调查与评价。结果表明,古运河各监测断面的潜在生态危害指数等级为轻微至强。经综合整治,2002年后古运河重金属污染潜在生态危害指数较2002年之前显著下降。下游因曾经工厂聚集,污染程度高于上游,毒性系数较大的Cd和Hg的潜在生态危害始终排在首位。 相似文献
596.
采用氢氧化钠高温熔融浸取沉积物,用离子选择电极法测定浸取液中的总氟,通过试验确定最佳浸取条件,使方法在5.00μg~500μg范围内线性良好。当取样量为0.2 g时,方法检出限为12.4 mg/kg。用该方法测定沉积物有证标准物质,结果均在标准值范围内,测定3个沉积物实际样品,总氟质量比为254 mg/kg~1 389 mg/kg,6次测定结果的RSD为4.1%~4.8%,3个质量比水平加标回收率为99.2%~101%。 相似文献
597.
Immobilization of lead and cadmium from aqueous solution and contaminated sediment using nano-hydroxyapatite 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Zizhong Zhang Mengyan Li Wei Chen Shuzhen Zhu Nannan Liu Lingyan Zhu 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(2):514-382
The effectiveness and mechanism of nano-hydroxyapatite particles (nHAp) in immobilizing Pb and Cd from aqueous solutions and contaminated sediment were investigated. The maximum sorption amount (Qmax) of Pb and Cd in aqueous solution was 1.17 and 0.57 mmol/g. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface and depth analysis indicated that dissolution-precipitation is the primary immobilization mechanism for Pb, while surface complexation and intraparticle diffusion account for Cd sequestration. Different amounts of nHAp (0-10% nHAp/dry weight) were added to the contaminated sediment. Sequential extraction showed that nHAp could effectively reduce the exchangeable fraction of Pb and Cd in the sediment and significantly reduce the concentration in porewater. The results in this study showed that nHAp can immobilize Pb and Cd in sediment effectively. 相似文献
598.
Effects of cattle manure on erosion rates and runoff water pollution by faecal coliforms 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The large quantities of slurry and manure that are produced annually in many areas in which cattle are raised could be an important source of organic matter and nutrients for agriculture. However, the benefits of waste recycling may be partially offset by the risk of water pollution associated with runoff from the fields to which slurry or manure has been applied. In this paper, the effects of cattle manure application on soil erosion rates and runoff and on surface water pollution by faecal coliforms are analysed. Rainfall simulations at a rate of 70 mm h(-1) were conducted in a sandy loam soil packed into soil flumes (2.5m long x 1m wide) at a bulk density of 1400 kg m(-3), with and without cattle slurry manure applied on the surface. For each simulation, sediment and runoff rates were analysed and in those simulations with applied slurry, presumptive faecal coliform (PFC) concentrations in the runoff were evaluated. The application of slurry on the soil surface appeared to have a protective effect on the soils, reducing soil detachment by up to 70% but increasing runoff volume by up to 30%. This practice implies an important source of pollution for surface waters especially if rainfall takes place within a short period after application. The concentrations of micro-organisms (presumptive faecal coliforms (PFCs)) found in water runoff ranged from 1.9 x 10(4) to 1.1 x 10(6) PFC 100mL(-1), depending on the initial concentration in the slurry, and they were particularly high during the first phases of the rainfall event. The result indicates a strong relationship between the faecal coliforms transported by runoff and the organic matter in the sediment. 相似文献
599.
Gurnell AM Morrissey IP Boitsidis AJ Bark T Clifford NJ Petts GE Thompson K 《Environmental management》2006,38(4):580-596
A conceptual model of the morphological development of the riparian margins of newly cut river channels is presented, suggesting
early feedbacks between vegetation growth and bank form. To test the model, observations of long and cross profiles, bank
sediment and seed deposition, and bank vegetation development were collected over the first 2 years of river flows through
a reach of the River Cole, West Midlands, UK. The newly created channel had a sinuous planform and varying asymmetric trapezoidal
cross section in sympathy with the planform. No imposed bedforms or bank reseeding were included in the design. Over the 2
years, development of bedforms was rapid, with bed sediment sorting and bank profile adjustment occurring more steadily and
progressively. Six classes of bank profile were identified by the end of the study period, illustrating close associations
with sediment aggradation, vegetation colonization, and growth patterns. Vegetation colonization of the banks was seeded predominantly
from local sources during the summer and from hydrochory (transport by the river) during the winter. Colonizing vegetation
on the riverbanks appeared to act as a significant propagule source by the second summer and as an increasingly important
roughness element, trapping both propagules and sediment, within the second year and providing early feedback into bank evolution.
As a result, the time required for riparian margin development in the conceptual model was found to be considerably longer
than observed in the study river. In addition, the role of surface wash/bank failure in modifying the bank profile and transporting
seeds onto the upper bank face during the first year of bank development was found to be important in initiating rapid bank
vegetation colonization and surface stabilization. This set of processes had not been incorporated in the initial conceptual
model. In relation to channel restoration, this research illustrates that in small temperate rivers of modest energy the provision
of an initial, sinuous corridor is sufficient to induce rapid development of fluvial features and vegetation cover without
the need to construct bed forms or to seed the banks. 相似文献
600.
通过底泥吸附和污水有机物降解实验 ,研究了高COD浓度污水与洁净底泥的相互作用。结果表明 ,洁净底泥对高COD浓度污水中的污染物具有吸附作用 ,且在起始段此作用较明显 ,但在后期的作用就下降很多。底泥固相量的增加可显著提高水相有机污染物的吸附去除率 ;但对于不同来源的污水 ,并非按照同一比例增加 ,污水性质显著影响底泥的有机污染物吸附量。污水中的有机污染物的生物降解由于其作用缓慢 ,在开始的阶段 ,对水相有机污染物的减少远没有底泥吸附所起的作用大 ;但在后期其累计的作用将明显显现出来 相似文献