Analysis of Sediment Retention in Western Riverine Wetlands: The Yampa River Watershed,Colorado, USA

We quantified annual sediment deposition, bank erosion, and sediment budgets in nine riverine wetlands that represented a watershed continuum for 1 year in the unregulated Yampa River drainage basin in Colorado. One site was studied for 2 years to compare responses to peak flow variability. Annual mean sediment deposition ranged from 0.01 kg/m² along a first-order subalpine stream to 21.8 kg/m² at a sixth-order alluvial forest. Annual mean riverbank erosion ranged from 3 kg/m-of-bank at the first-order site to 1000 kg/m at the 6^th-order site. Total sediment budgets were nearly balanced at six sites, while net export from bank erosion occurred at three sites. Both total sediment deposition (R² = 0.86, p < 0.01) and bank erosion (R² = 0.77, p < 0.01) were strongly related to bankfull height, and channel sinuosity and valley confinement helped to explain additional variability among sites. The texture and organic fraction of eroded and deposited sediment were relatively similar in most sites and varied among sites by watershed position. Our results indicate that bank erosion generally balances sediment deposition in riverine wetlands, and we found no distinct zones of sediment retention versus export on a watershed continuum. Zones of apparent disequilibrium can occur in unregulated rivers due to factors such as incised channels, beaver activity, and cattle grazing. A primary function of many western riverine wetlands is sediment exchange, not retention, which may operate by transforming materials and compounds in temporary sediment pools on floodplains. These results are considered in the context of the Hydrogeomorphic approach being implemented by the U.S. government for wetland resource management.     

Assessing potential bioavailability of metals in sediments: A proposed approach

Due to anthropogenic inputs, elevated concentrations of metals frequently occur in aquatic sediments. In order to make defensible estimates of the potential risk of metals in sediments and/or develop sediment quality criteria for metals, it is essential to identify that fraction of the total metal in the sediments that is bioavailable. Studies with a variety of benthic invertebrates indicate that interstitial (pore) water concentrations of metals correspond very well with the bioavailability of metals in test sediments. Many factors may influence pore water concentrations of metals; however, in anaerobic sediments a key phase controlling partitioning of several cationic metals (cadmium, nickel, lead, zinc, copper) into pore water is acid volatile sulfide (AVS). In this paper, we present an overview of the technical basis for predicting bioavailability of cationic metals to benthic organisms based on pore water metal concentrations and metal-AVS relationships. Included are discussions of the advantages and limitations of metal bioavailability predictions based on these parameters, relative both to site-specific assessments and the development of sediment quality criteria.     

Channel change,sediment transport,and fish habitat in a coastal stream: Effects of an extreme event

A study on sediment transport and channel change was conducted on Zayante Creek and the lower San Lorenzo River in Santa Cruz County, California. A rainstorm with a recurrence interval locally in excess of 150 years occurred during the study year, 1982 WY. Stream surveys indicated that significant aggradation occurred during and after the peak flood. Upper study reaches were substantially recovered after high flows of early April, but the lower study reaches still had significant filling of pools and burial of riffles by sand. Increases in width-depth ratio were minor and localized in upper reaches, but were significant in lower reaches. Large inputs of sand, primarily from landsliding, altered the sediment transport regime. A higher proportion of the bedload is now transported by lower flows than before the January event. Roads and sand quarries contributed significantly to sediment input to the stream. A proposed dam may alter the sediment transport regime of Zayante Creek. Mitigating the effects of this dam on downstream fish habitat may require occasional bankfull discharges.     

Louisiana wetland loss: A regional water management approach to the problem

Loss of Louisiana's coastal wetlands has reached catastrophic proportions. The loss rate is approximately 150 km²/yr (100 acres/day) and is increasing exponentially. Total wetland loss since the turn of the century has been almost 0.5 million ha (1.1 million acres) and represents an area larger than Rhode Island. The physical cause of the problem lies in man's attempts to control the Mississippi River's flooding, while enhancing navigation and extracting minerals. Levee systems and control structures confine sediments that once nourished the wetlands to the river channel. As a consequence, the ultimate sediment deposition is in deep Gulf waters off the Louisiana coast. The lack of sediment input to the interdistributary wetlands results in an accretion deficit. Natural and human-induced subsidence exceeds accretion so that the wetlands sink below sea level and convert to water. The solution is to provide a thin veneer of sediment (approximately 0.6 cm/yr; an average of 1450 g m^?2 yr^?1) over the coastal marshes and swamps and thus prevent the submergence of vegetation. The sediment source is the Mississippi River system. Calculations show that 9.2% of the river's annual suspended sediment load would be required to sustain the deltaic plain wetlands. It should be distributed during the six high-water months (December–June) through as disaggregated a network as possible. The problem is one of distribution: how can the maximum acres of marsh be nourished with the least cost? At present, the river is managed through federal policy for the benefit of navigation and flood control. A new policy structure, recognizing the new role for the river-sediment distribution, is recommended.     

加压流体萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定土壤和沉积物中27种拟除虫菊酯类农药

建立了加压流体萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定土壤和沉积物中27种拟除虫菊酯类农药的方法。以丙酮/正己烷(V∶V=1∶1)为萃取溶剂,在120℃和10. 3 MPa条件下静态萃取7 min,循环3次,石墨化炭黑串接氨丙基键合硅胶固相萃取柱净化,HP-5MS UI色谱柱分离,优化了提取和分析过程的重要条件。方法检出限为0. 001~0. 012 mg/kg,土壤中低、高浓度的加标回收率范围分别为68. 3%~123%和75. 3%~115%,沉积物中低、高浓度的加标回收率范围分别为67. 1%~120%和78. 6%~110%,单一目标物的相对标准偏差(RSD)均<20%(n=6)。实验结果表明,该方法消耗溶剂少、效率高、检出限低、精密度和准确度好,适用于土壤和沉积物中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的测定。     

Monitoring nekton as a bioindicator in shallow estuarine habitats

Long-term monitoring of estuarine nekton has many practical and ecological benefits but efforts are hampered by a lack of standardized sampling procedures. This study provides a rationale for monitoring nekton in shallow (<#60; 1 m), temperate, estuarine habitats and addresses some important issues that arise when developing monitoring protocols. Sampling in seagrass and salt marsh habitats is emphasized due to the susceptibility of each habitat to anthropogenic stress and to the abundant and rich nekton assemblages that each habitat supports. Extensive sampling with quantitative enclosure traps that estimate nekton density is suggested. These gears have a high capture efficiency in most habitats and are small enough (e.g., 1 m²) to permit sampling in specific microhabitats. Other aspects of nekton monitoring are discussed, including spatial and temporal sampling considerations, station selection, sample size estimation, and data collection and analysis. Developing and initiating long-term nekton monitoring programs will help evaluate natural and human-induced changes in estuarine nekton over time and advance our understanding of the interactions between nekton and the dynamic estuarine environment.     

吹气—吸收法测定废水中硫化物

对吹气－吸收法测定废水中硫化物进行了吸收试验，提出了用去离子除氧水配制硫化物标液，可增加其稳定性；用ＩＳＯ硫化物吹脱器取代普通气吸收装置，可提高硫化物回收率。试验结果表明，改进后方法的精密度，准确度及适用怀强垃令人满意。     

The possible association between selected sediment characteristics and the occurrence of benthic macroinvertebrates in a minimally affected river in South Africa

Forty-two families of which the vast majority associated with particles >2000?µm were found. Sediment particle sizes <2000?µm had a detrimental effect on biodiversity. The highest biodiversity was recorded at sites characterised by riffle and run habitats. Although relatively high concentrations of selected metals were present in the sediment, it was largely from geological origin and most probably not bioavailable. No significant correlation was demonstrated between variation in temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity and diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates. Therefore, it can be concluded that, under these conditions, sediment particle size and biotope availability played a decisive role on the distribution and abundance of macroinvertebrate taxa.     

淡水沉积物的生物测试方法研究

描述了淡水沉积物毒性的生物测试方法。沉积物基质可以通过直接采样法和掺入法制备,储存会影响其生物可利用性。全底泥相,间隙水相和复溶相是目前沉积物毒理学研究常用的试验相,其中,间隙水相被认为是进行沉积物毒理学研究较为理想的试验相。同时推荐采用离心法制备间隙水。此外,为增加试验结果的可比性,文中还讨论了试验生物的选择问题。