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631.
Miren Pena-Abaurrea Liesbeth Weijs Lourdes Ramos Nicoletta Borghesi Simonetta Corsolini Hugo Neels Ronny Blust Adrian Covaci 《Chemosphere》2009,76(11):1477-1482
In the present study, bioaccumulation potential of two pyrethroid insecticides, bifenthrin and permethrin, was measured using a Lumbriculus variegatus sediment bioaccumulation test. Two sediments differing in their physical characteristics and two different aging periods were tested. Desorption rates measured by Tenax extraction suggested that pyrethroids were bioavailable to L. variegatus, however bioavailability varied among chemicals, sediments and aging time, and was greater for permethrin than bifenthrin. The relatively low biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values resulted from the extensive biotransformation of pyrethroids by L. variegatus. Biotransformation capacity of L. variegatus to permethrin was further studied with a water-only exposure, and the percentage parent compound dropped to 36.0% after 14 d. These results indicated sediment-associated pyrethroids were bioavailable to L. variegatus, however bioaccumulation was limited because L. variegatus was capable of biotransforming the pyrethroids. 相似文献
632.
R. Brad Mills Andrew M. Paterson David R.S. Lean John P. Smol Greg Mierle Jules M. Blais 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(11):2949-2956
Total mercury concentration was analyzed in 171 lakes from pre-industrial (>30 cm depth; Hgpre-industrial) and present-day sediments (0.5–1 cm; Hgpresent-day). Numerous hot or cold spots of sediment mercury enrichment (Hg EF; Hgpre-industrial/Hgpresent-day) were evident as determined by local tests of autocorrelation, although in most cases, the maximum correlation among sites was not the nearest neighbor, indicating a strong influence of watershed characteristics. Hg EF was correlated with the area of open water (ha) (r = 0.91, p = 0.035), mine tailings (r = 0.94, p = 0.019), and organic deposits in surficial geology of the watershed (r = −0.91, p = 0.034). Through use of local rather than global regression coefficients, R2 increased from 0.20 (p = 0.005) to 0.60 (p = 0.013). A broad spatial pattern (>500 km) observed only in Hgpre-industrial was best explained by mean annual precipitation (shared variance = 3.5%), while finer spatial patterns only observed in Hgpresent-day and Hg EF were best explained by pH (average shared variance = 10.8%). 相似文献
633.
The mobilisation of metals (Al, Fe, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) from contaminated estuarine sediment has been examined using commercially available surfactants. Metal release by the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), increased with increasing amphiphile concentration up to and above its critical micelle concentration (CMC). Metal mobilisation by the bile acid salt, sodium taurocholate, and the nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100, however, did not vary with amphiphile concentration. SDS was the most efficient surfactant in mobilising metals from the sample, and Cd, Cu and Ni were released to the greatest extents (12-18% of total metal at [SDS] > CMC). Metal mobilisation appeared to proceed via complexation with anionic amphiphiles and denudation of hydrophobic host phases. Surfactants may play an important role in the solubilisation of metals in the digestive environment of deposit-feeding animals and, potentially, in the remediation of metal-contaminated soil and sediment. 相似文献
634.
River sediments are basic components of our environment. It also constitutes a major source of persistent bioaccumulative
toxic chemicals which may pose threats to ecological and human health even after contaminants are no longer released from
point and non-point sources. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the mobility and the availability of metals
in sediments from different sites along the Nile River in Cairo district using sequential chemical extraction technique. The
speciation data showed that most metals were associated with organic/sulfide and residual fractions. The order of total metal
concentrations in sediment samples was found to be Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cu ≥ Cr > Pb > Cd. 相似文献
635.
Wetland ecosystems are profoundly affected by altered nutrient and sediment loads received from anthropogenic activity in
their surrounding watersheds. Our objective was to compare a gradient of agricultural and urban land cover history during
the period from 1949 to 1997, with plant and soil nutrient concentrations in, and sediment deposition to, riparian wetlands
in a rapidly urbanizing landscape. We observed that recent agricultural land cover was associated with increases in Nitrogen
(N) and Phosphorus (P) concentrations in a native wetland plant species. Conversely, recent urban land cover appeared to alter
receiving wetland environmental conditions by increasing the relative availability of P versus N, as reflected in an invasive,
but not a native, plant species. In addition, increases in surface soil Fe content suggests recent inputs of terrestrial sediments
associated specifically with increasing urban land cover. The observed correlation between urban land cover and riparian wetland
plant tissue and surface soil nutrient concentrations and sediment deposition, suggest that urbanization specifically enhances
the suitability of riparian wetland habitats for the invasive species Japanese stiltgrass [Microstegium vimenium (Trinius) A. Camus]. 相似文献
636.
G.J. Hancock C. LeslieS.E. Everett S.G. TimsG.J. Brunskill R. Haese 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(10):919-929
The construction of high resolution chronologies of sediment profiles corresponding to the last 50-100 years usually entails the measurement of fallout radionuclides 210Pb and 137Cs. The anthropogenic radionuclide, 137Cs, originating from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing can provide an important “first appearance” horizon of known age (1954-1955), providing much-needed validation for the sometimes uncertain interpretations associated with 210Pb geochronology. However, while 137Cs usually provides a strong signal in sediment in the northern hemisphere, total fallout of 137Cs in the southern hemisphere was only 25% that of the north and the low activities of 137Cs seen in Australian and New Zealand sediments can make its horizon of first appearance somewhat arguable. Low 137Cs fallout also limited the size of the 1963-1964 fallout peak, a peak that is usually seen in northern hemisphere sediment profiles but is often difficult to discern south of the equator.This paper shows examples of the use of nuclear weapons fallout Pu as a chronomarker in sediment cores from Australia (3 sites) and New Zealand (1 site). The Pu profiles of five cores are examined and compared with the corresponding 137Cs profiles and 210Pb geochronologies. We find that Pu has significant advantages over 137Cs, including greater measurement sensitivity using alpha spectrometry and mass spectrometric techniques compared to 137Cs measurements by gamma spectrometry. Moreover, Pu provides additional chronomarkers associated with changes in the Pu isotopic composition of fallout during the 1950s and 1960s. In particular, the 238Pu/239+240Pu activity ratio shows distinct shifts in the early 1950s and the mid to late 1960s, providing important known-age horizons in southern hemisphere sediments. For estuarine and near-shore sediments Pu sometimes has another significant advantage over 137Cs due to its enrichment in bottom sediment relative to 137Cs resulting from the more efficient scavenging of dissolved Pu in seawater by sediment particles. 相似文献
637.
Kobayashi J Kinoshita K Mizukawa K Sakurai T Imaizumi Y Takada H Suzuki N 《Chemosphere》2011,82(5):745-750
To evaluate the dietary uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from live food, we investigated the dietary uptake and depuration kinetics of PCBs in a marine benthic fish (marbled sole, Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae) by using as food live sandworms (Perinereis nuntia) that were laboratory-exposed to field-collected PCB-contaminated sediment. Marbled sole were fed the PCB-contaminated sandworms for 28 d and then uncontaminated sandworms for 56 d. The assimilation efficiencies (AEs) of 84 PCB congeners via the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to the muscle of the fish ranged from 0.21 to 0.78; whole-body AEs would be lower than those of muscle because of the lower PCB concentrations, on a lipid basis. The AEs determined in this study were lower than those in other studies that used PCB-spiked commercial pelletized food. The lower AEs found in this study might be attributable to differences in the food administered (live sandworms vs. commercial pellet food), possibly because of low digestibility of sandworm lipids by marbled sole. In addition, the AEs in this study tended to increase with increasing log octanol-water partition coefficients (KOW) up to about seven, although AEs in the other studies using commercial pelletized food did not increase with increasing log KOW. This result suggests the co-transport of highly hydrophobic PCB congeners along with lipids and fatty acids from the digested sandworms into the GIT epithelium cells. The growth-corrected half-lives of 26 PCB congeners in the muscle of fish ranged from 20 to 107 d. 相似文献
638.
Impact of different land uses on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in coastal stream sediments 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
PAHs are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that can cause adverse health and ecological effects. In the present study, we examined the impact of land use on the concentration and composition of PAHs in 28 coastal stream sediments on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii. In densely populated urban areas, the concentration range of total PAHs in the stream sediments affected by mixed residential and industrial activities (RI) are 0.40-9.05 ppm, which is significantly higher than the 0.36-4.21 ppm detected in the stream sediments affected predominantly by urban residential land uses (UR). The stream sediments affected by agricultural activities (AG) reported a concentration range of 0.09-2.14 ppm, which is lower than those of the RI and UR stream sediments. The molecular weight of PAH is a factor, as only high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were significantly affected by land uses (ANOVA P = 0.009). Correlation analysis showed that only in the UR stream sediments were significant correlations observed between PAH concentration and two anthropogenic indicators: population density (r = 0.57, P = 0.027) and vehicle density (r = 0.55, P = 0.034). The fractional concentrations of PAHs were analyzed by using PCA analysis, which led to the separate clustering of the RI and AG stream sediments and suggest distinct PAH sources between the two land uses. Two PAH source indicators, including Ant/(Ant + Phe) and Fl/(Fl + Py), indicates that PAHs sources in the RI stream sediments are most likely of petroleum origin, while PAHs in the UR and AG stream sediments most likely came from combustion activities. In addition, the concentration and relative potency of carcinogenic PAHs in the coastal stream sediments exhibited similar patterns as the total PAH concentration with respect to land uses. 相似文献
639.
Immobilization of lead and cadmium from aqueous solution and contaminated sediment using nano-hydroxyapatite 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Zizhong Zhang Mengyan Li Wei Chen Shuzhen Zhu Nannan Liu Lingyan Zhu 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(2):514-382
The effectiveness and mechanism of nano-hydroxyapatite particles (nHAp) in immobilizing Pb and Cd from aqueous solutions and contaminated sediment were investigated. The maximum sorption amount (Qmax) of Pb and Cd in aqueous solution was 1.17 and 0.57 mmol/g. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface and depth analysis indicated that dissolution-precipitation is the primary immobilization mechanism for Pb, while surface complexation and intraparticle diffusion account for Cd sequestration. Different amounts of nHAp (0-10% nHAp/dry weight) were added to the contaminated sediment. Sequential extraction showed that nHAp could effectively reduce the exchangeable fraction of Pb and Cd in the sediment and significantly reduce the concentration in porewater. The results in this study showed that nHAp can immobilize Pb and Cd in sediment effectively. 相似文献
640.
Samples of water, sediment and suspended particulates were collected from 13 sites in the middle and lower reaches of the
Yellow River in China. Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) concentrations in different phases of each sample were determined by Gas
Chromatogram GC-FID. The results are shown as follows: (1) In the Xiao Langdi–Dongming Bridge section, PAEs concentrations
in water phase from the main river ranged from 3.99 × 10−3 to 45.45 × 10−3 mg/L, which were similar to those from other rivers in the world. The PAEs levels in the tributaries of the Yellow River
were much higher than those of the main river. (2) In the studied branches, the concentration of PAEs in sediment for Luoyang
Petrochemical Channel (331.70 mg/Kg) was the highest. The concentrations of PAEs in sediment phase of the main river were
30.52 to 85.16 mg/Kg, which were much higher than those from other rivers in the world. In the main river, the concentration
level of PAEs on suspended solid phases reached 94.22 mg/Kg, and it reached 691.23 mg/Kg in the Yiluo River – one tributary
of the Yellow River. (3) Whether in the sediment or on the suspended solid phases, there was no significant correlation between
the contents of PAEs and TOC or particle size of the solid phase; and the calculated Koc of Di (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP)
in the river were much less than the theoretical value, which inferred that PAEs were not on the equilibrium between water
and suspended solid phases/sediment. (4) Among the measured PAEs compounds, the proportions of DEHP and di-n-butyl phthalate
(DBP) were much higher than the others. The concentrations of DEHP exceeded the Quality Standard in all the main river and
tributary stations except those in the Mengjin and Jiaogong Bridge of the main river. This indicates that more attention should
be paid to pollution control and further assessment in understanding risks associated with human health. 相似文献