沂河小埠东橡胶坝蓄水段表层沉积物中重金属的分布及生态风险评价

为探讨沂河小埠东橡胶坝对蓄水段表层沉积物中重金属分布和富集的影响,在该河段设置了8个监测站位,分别于枯水期、丰水期、平水期监测了表层沉积物和水体中6种重金属的含量.结果表明:表层沉积物中w(As)、w(Cd)、w(Cr)、w(Cu)、w(Hg)和w(Pb)的平均值分别为6.65、0.40、71.21、42.48、0.15和41.54 mg/kg,而表层水体中重金属质量浓度均符合GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准;蓄水段沉积物浓缩系数为2.85×103～3.04×105,并且坝前表层沉积物中重金属含量从上游到下游递增,说明橡胶坝的建成促进了沉积物中重金属的富集;采用沉积物质量基准(SQG)方法评价表明,蓄水段As处于低风险水平,Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg和Pb均处于中等风险水平,其风险水平Cr>Cu>Pb>Hg>Cd>As.建坝后水动力条件的改变是坝前沉积物中重金属富集的主要原因.      

Effect of streambed bacteria release on E. coli concentrations: Monitoring and modeling with the modified SWAT

Streambed sediment has been attracting attention as a reservoir for bacteria, including pathogenic strains. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been augmented with a bacteria transport subroutine in SWAT2005 in which bacteria die-off is the only in-stream process. The purpose of this study was to develop the partial model of sediment-associated bacteria transport in stream and to evaluate the potential significance of streambed Escherichia coli (E. coli) release and deposition within the SWAT microbial water quality simulations. Streambed E. coli release and deposition were simulated based on the sediment resuspension and deposition modules in SWAT. The modified SWAT was applied to the Little Cove Creek watershed, Pennsylvania, which has forestry and dairy pasture landuses. Temporal changes in sediment E. coli concentrations were derived from monitoring data rather than from a streambed bacteria population model. Sensitivity analyses and calibrations were separately conducted for both hydrologic and bacteria parameters. Hydrologic calibration characterized soils in the watershed as pervious and thus the surface runoff was only moderately contributing to the streamflow. However, the surface runoff carried large numbers of E. coli to the stream, and sediment resuspension contributed to the persistent concentration of E. coli in stream water. Although the uncertainty of E. coli concentrations in streambed sediments and from wildlife probably affected the performance of the modified SWAT model, this study qualitatively confirmed the significance of modeling E. coli release from streambed and deposition for the SWAT microbial water quality simulations. Further developments should include modeling dynamics of bacteria populations within streambeds.     

Application of sediment quality guidelines in the assessment and management of contaminated surficial sediments in Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), Australia

Sediments in the Port Jackson estuary are polluted by a wide range of toxicants and concentrations are among the highest reported for any major harbor in the world. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), developed by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the United States are used to estimate possible adverse biological effects of sedimentary contaminants in Port Jackson to benthic animals. The NOAA guidelines indicate that Pb, Zn, DDD, and DDE are the most likely contaminants to cause adverse biological effects in Port Jackson. On an individual chemical basis, the detrimental effects due to these toxicants may occur over extensive areas of the harbor, i.e., about 40%, 30%, 15% and 50%, respectively. The NOAA SQGs can also be used to estimate the probability of sediment toxicity for contaminant mixtures by determining the number of contaminants exceeding an upper guideline value (effects range medium, or ERM), which predicts probable adverse biological effects. The exceedence approach is used in the current study to estimate the probability of sediment toxicity and to prioritize the harbour in terms of possible adverse effects on sediment-dwelling animals. Approximately 1% of the harbor is mantled with sediment containing more than ten contaminants exceeding their respective ERM concentrations and, based on NOAA data, these sediments have an 80% probability of being toxic. Sediment with six to ten contaminants exceeding their respective ERM guidelines extend over approximately 4% of the harbor and have a 57% probability of toxicity. These areas are located in the landward reaches of embayments in the upper and central harbor in proximity to the most industrialised and urbanized part of the catchment. Sediment in a further 17% of the harbor has between one and five exceedences and has a 32% probability of being toxic. The application of SQGs developed by NOAA has not been tested outside North America, and the validity of using them in Port Jackson has yet to be demonstrated. The screening approach adopted here is to use SQGs to identify contaminants of concern and to determine areas of environmental risk. The practical application and management implications of the results of this investigation are discussed.     

Sedimentary Causes and Management of Two Principal Environmental Problems in the Lower Yellow River

Flood and water shortage are two of the leading environmental problems around the world, and among the causes of the problems is sedimentation. The Yellow River brought disastrous floods in its lower reaches in Chinese history. Today, although floods caused by the river are still a formidable hazard hanging over China, it cannot provide the lower reaches with enough usable water. The ineradicable flood hazard and newly emerged water shortage problems of the river are proved to be closely associated with its immense sediment load. The over loaded flow of the river can quickly fill the reservoirs and unceasingly raise the riverbed, attenuating the capacity of reservoirs to suppress floods and provide more water for dry seasons and of river channels to convey floods. Also, the high sediment content pollutes the water and reduces the volume of usable water. In virtue of the intimate linkage between these problems and the formidable sediment load in the river, the solution to these problems should be based on sedimentation management. After reviewing the defects and merits of management measures implemented and proposed, a management scenario composed of multiple measures are recommended. Beside of persistent soil conservation to reduce the huge sediment load, more reservoirs to check sediment and regulate river flows, approaches to alleviating riverbed accretion, interbasin water transfer to mitigate water deficiency, and so on, an emphasis should be laid on use of muddy flows in order to scatter the sediment in a vast area, which was a natural process but has been interrupted by construction of embankments.     

Perfluoroalkyl substances and organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Huaihe watershed in China

Twelve perfluoroalkyl substances （PFASs） and nine organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） were quantified in surface sediments from the Huaihe River, China, along which there are intensive industrial and agricultural activities. Concentrations of PFASs ranged from 0.06 to 0.46 ng/g dry weight （dw）, and concentrations of OCPs ranged from 1.48 to 32.65 ng/g dw. Compared with other areas in China, concentrations of PFASs were lesser than the national mean value, while concentrations of OCPs were moderate. Concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA） and perfluorooctane sulfonate （PFOS） ranged from n.d. （not detected） to 0.03 and n.d. to 0.10 ng/g dw, respectively. Among the three groups of OCPs, mean concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane and its isomers （HCHs）, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites （DDTs） and hexachlorobenzene （HCB） were 5.62 ± 4.35, 2.43 ± 3.12 and 1.55 ± 4.17 ng/g dw, respectively. Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs decreased from upstream to downstream along the mainstream of the Huaihe River. When compared to sediment quality guidelines （SQGs）, concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and HCB would pose adverse biological effects. In general, contamination by PFASs in the upstream of the Huaihe River was more severe than that in the downstream, which was mainly caused by interception from dams, locks and industrial emissions. And OCPs from tributaries, especially the Yinghe River and Wohe River, were higher than those from Huaihe mainstream, and primarily came from historical inputs.     

Attenuation of arsenic in a karst subterranean stream and correlation with geochemical factors: A case study at Lihu, South China

Arsenic （As） pollutants generated by human activities in karst areas flow into subterranean streams and contaminate groundwater easily because of the unique hydrogeological characteristics of karst areas. To elucidate the reaction mechanisms of arsenic in karst subterranean streams, physical-chemical analysis was conducted by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The results show that inorganic species account for most of the total arsenic, whereas organic arsenic is not detected or occurs in infinitesimal amounts. As（III） accounts for 51.0% ± 9.9% of the total inorganic arsenic. Arsenic attenuation occurs and the attenuation rates of total As, As（III） and As（V） in the Lihu subterranean stream are 51%, 36% and 59%, respectively. To fully explain the main geochemical factors influencing arsenic attenuation, SPSS 13.0 and CANOCO 4.5 bundled with CanoDraw for Windows were used for simple statistical analysis and redundancy analysis （RDA）. Eight main factors, i.e., sediment iron （SFe）, sediment aluminum （SAI）, sediment calcium （SCa）, sediment organic matter （SOM）, sediment manganese （SMn）, water calcium （WCa^2＋）, water magnesium （WMg^2＋）, and water bicarbonate ion （WILCOX） were extracted from thirteen indicators. Their impacts on arsenic content rank as： SFe〉SCa〉WCa^2＋〉SAl〉wHCO3^-〉SMn〉SOM〉WMg^2＋. Of these factors, SFe, SAl, SCa, SOM, SMn, WMg^2＋ and WCa＆2＋ promote arsenic attenuation, whereas WHCO3^- inhibits it. Further investigation revealed that the redox potential （Eh） and pH are adverse to arsenic removal. The dramatic distinction between karst and non-karst terrain is that calcium and bicarbonate are the primary factors influencing arsenic migration in karst areas due to the high calcium concentration and alkalinity of karst water.     

吹扫捕集/气联用测定水中25种有机物研究

建立了吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱联用测定水中25种挥发性有机物的方法。采用相对经济的氮气作为吹扫气体,优化了吹扫捕集和色谱条件,结果表明,25种挥发性有机物的色谱分离情况较好,在2.0~50.0μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.995,检出限在0.02~0.2μg/L范围内。方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%,平均回收率为87.3%~108.3%。该方法前处理简单快速,采用内标法定量准确度高,重复性好,检出限低,适合低浓度水样的分析。     

广西岩溶洞穴土壤中多环芳烃污染特征与解析

首次研究相对封闭稳定环境条件下的岩溶洞穴土壤中PAHs的污染特征及其影响因素.以广西桂林大岩洞穴为例,结果表明,在洞穴内部PAHs总量为7.22～117.29 ng·g^-1,远低于洞外土壤中的含量（51.35～235.73 ng·g^-1）,与其他地区相比,表明桂林近郊土壤PAHs污染较轻.大岩土壤中PAHs总量呈现出洞外和洞口附近明显高于洞内而洞内变化不大;洞外和洞口附近土壤中重环组芳烃含量高于轻环组（平均值69.25 ng·g^-1＞38.81 ng·g^-1）,但在洞内土壤中则相反（平均值3.93 ng·g^-1＜7.41 ng·g^-1）,说明洞内PAHs不仅来自于大气迁移过程,而且也来自于洞顶雨水淋滤作用.土壤中PAHs浓度分布表明在洞口附近存在陷阱效应、在洞穴最里端有裂隙存在.陷阱效应使洞口附近重环芳烃浓度显著高于洞外（88.19 ng·g^-1＞31.28 ng·g^-1）,而且PAH分子量与”易陷落性”呈线性相关（R²=0.49）;通过实测值推测从洞口输入的PAHs浓度约为裂隙输入的17倍.温度和分子量差异是影响PAHs在土壤中浓度分布模式的重要因素.     

集中式生活饮用水源地中挥发性有机物测定

为了更全面的分析集中式生活饮用水源地中的挥发性有机物,建立吹扫捕集技术与气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)的联用测定地表水环境质量标准所要求必须监测的22种挥发性有机物。该方法的检出限、精密度、准确度都得到了良好的结果。通过实际样品的测定,结果令人满意。     

吹扫捕集技术测定地表水中挥发性卤代烃条件研究

吹扫捕集与气相色谱联用,DB-1701弹性石英毛细管柱进行分离,分析水中挥发性有机物是使用最为广泛的一种技术,本文以分析三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯为代表,主要研究吹扫捕集技术在气相色谱法测定地表水中挥发性卤代烃的分析条件,通过实验优化分析条件,可以达到更高的检测灵敏度。该方法的精密度和准确度较高,可以得到高质量、可靠的分析实验数据,应用性很强。