Persistent organic pollutants in soils and sediments from James Ross Island, Antarctica

Soil and sediment samples from James Ross Island were analyzed for their PCB, OCP and PAH contents. Soil concentrations ranged between 0.51 and 1.82 ng g(-1) for seven indicator PCB congeners, between 0.49 and 1.34 ng g(-1) for HCH congeners, between 0.51 and 3.68 ng g(-1) for the sum of p,p'-DDT, DDE, and DDD, and between 34.9 and 171 ng g(-1) for the sum of 16 EPA PAHs. Sediment levels from 0.32 to 0.83 ng g(-1) were found for PCBs, from 0.14 to 0.76 ng g(-1) for HCHs, from 0.19 to 1.15 ng g(-1) for DDTs, and from 1.4 to 205 ng g(-1) for PAHs. A prevalence of low-mass PAHs, less chlorinated PCBs, and more volatile chemicals indicates that the long-range atmospheric transport from populated areas of Africa, South America, and Australia is the most probable contamination source for the solid matrices in James Ross Island.     

土壤和沉积物中有机磷农药测定前处理方法探讨

以土壤和沉积物中12种有机磷为研究对象,讨论制样、萃取、浓缩、净化等步骤所用不同前处理方法对有机磷测定的影响,提出应注意的操作细节,保证测定结果的准确性和稳定性。     

福建近岸海域沉积物污染现状与防治措施

根据福建沂近岸海域环境综合调查数据资料，对沉积物质量现状进行了分析评价，结果表明，海域沉积物主要受到金属铅的污染，污染物的主要入海途径是入海河口，并结合海域自然环境和沿岸社会发展的特点，提出相应的防治措施。     

河湖底泥修复技术的研究进展

本文综述污染底泥的修复技术,探讨其发展状况及存在的问题。指出物理修复见效快,但成本高;化学修复成本较低但易造成二次污染;生物修复投入低,处理量大,但处理效率低,。将这三类技术联合使用,取长补短,具有较广阔的发展前景。     

底质中石油和酚类浸溶试验

研究小东江水闸至斜岭全程１０Ｋｍ河段底质中石油和酚类污染物含量的沿程分布,并对底质进行浸溶试验,结果表明,该河段底质中石油平均含量为２７．５８ｍｇ／ｋｇ,酚类为０．０９８ｍｇ／ｋｇ,石油平均浸出率为３５％,酚类平均浸出率为４９％,在一定的条件下,可能导致水体的二次污染。     

高效液相色谱荧光检测湖泊沉积物间隙水中的微量硫醇

提出了测定天然水中微量低分子质量硫醇的灵敏、可靠方法,即采用7-氟苯并-2-氧-1,3-二唑-4-磺酸铵盐(SBDF)柱前衍生化、逆相高效液相色谱分离和荧光检测技术。文中详细研究了一些洗脱条件,如流动相的组成、pH值和洗脱模式对色谱保留行为的影响,从而获得了最佳的洗脱条件。对于被研究的5种低分子质量硫醇,获得了其浓度在25~250nmol/L范围内的标准曲线和测定限。本方法成功地测定了湖泊沉积物间隙水中的微量硫醇。     

上海市黄浦江表层沉积物重金属污染评价

用沉积物富集系数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险评估法对上海市黄浦江表层沉积物重金属含量进行了评价。结果显示,沉积物中Cd、As和Pb含量富集程度较低,Hg和Cu含量富集程度较高;其分布特征为上游段含量相对较轻,到中游段有所上升,至下游段含量又有所下降,整体呈钟型分布,重金属含量分布规律可能与苏州河对黄浦江下游沉积物的影响和黄浦江中游段有工业污染排放输入有关;河口与内陆河流沉积物中重金属含量存在差异性,河口重金属含量明显下降;调查区37.5%的断面Hg含量潜在生态危害为中等;沉积物富集系数法可用来评价重金属累积程度,而潜在生态风险指数则突出对生物有很强毒性的重金属作用。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱法分析土壤和沉积物中挥发性有机物

采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱法对土壤和沉积物中挥发性有机物进行分析,优化了实验条件,所有物质的相对标准偏差小于5.0％,土壤样回收率在78.2％ ～99.8％之间,沉积物样的回收率在55.2％～95.2％之间.     

底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响

通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20～37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20～30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性.     

Anthropogenic and naturally-produced organobrominated compounds in bluefin tuna from the Mediterranean Sea

In the present study, bioaccumulation potential of two pyrethroid insecticides, bifenthrin and permethrin, was measured using a Lumbriculus variegatus sediment bioaccumulation test. Two sediments differing in their physical characteristics and two different aging periods were tested. Desorption rates measured by Tenax extraction suggested that pyrethroids were bioavailable to L. variegatus, however bioavailability varied among chemicals, sediments and aging time, and was greater for permethrin than bifenthrin. The relatively low biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values resulted from the extensive biotransformation of pyrethroids by L. variegatus. Biotransformation capacity of L. variegatus to permethrin was further studied with a water-only exposure, and the percentage parent compound dropped to 36.0% after 14 d. These results indicated sediment-associated pyrethroids were bioavailable to L. variegatus, however bioaccumulation was limited because L. variegatus was capable of biotransforming the pyrethroids.