012Al在螺母冲头模具上的应用

正确选用模具材料,对提高模具工作寿命至关重要。此文把012Al这种具有高强韧性的新钢种应用于螺母冲头,具有其推广价值。     

黄河三角洲生态区土壤石油污染及其对碱蓬萌发的生态影响

基于黄河三角洲生态区内的油田生产区中石油污染土壤的调查取样,分析石油污染状况,并在实验室人工控制条件下,研究土壤中不同质量分数的石油污染对该区先锋植物——碱蓬（Salsola glauca Bung）的种子萌发影响。结果表明,油田区土壤受到了不同程度的石油污染;溢油处石油的质量分数最高达6.230 g·kg^-1。另外,萌发实验说明在土壤污染情况下种子萌发率具有不确定性,土壤石油污染质量分数为5～40 g·kg^-1时,对碱蓬种子的萌发无明显抑制作用。该研究对黄河三角洲生态区土壤石油类污染敏感指示指标的筛选和植物的生物修复具有重要意义。     

2种Ⅱ型混凝土试件断裂韧度K_(ⅡC)值的比较研究

根据混凝土四点剪切加载和两端切口半边对称加载这2种Ⅱ型混凝土试件断裂试验的结果,计算分析了它们的断裂韧度KⅡC及其相互关系。采用有限元方法,基于数值模拟,利用ANSYS软件计算分析了2种Ⅱ型混凝土试件断裂试验加载阶段各荷载步的应力场和应变场,用位移外推法分别计算了四点剪切加载和两端切口半边对称加载Ⅱ型断裂数值模拟试验的断裂韧度,并与试验结果进行了比较。由于两端切口半边对称加载条件下试件受力均匀,容易保证整个试验过程中试件断裂过程区切应力占据主导地位,而四点剪切加载条件下则不可避免出现张拉和扭转等现象,从而导致试件断裂破坏过程中并不总是纯剪切的Ⅱ型断裂,这可能是这2种Ⅱ型混凝土试件断裂韧度KⅡC值有所不同的原因所在。     

Do farmers need relief seed? A methodology for assessing seed systems

This article outlines a methodology to help agencies better determine whether or not relief seed is needed by farmers affected by disaster. A brief review of current seed needs assessment procedures in southern Somalia and Mozambique illustrates problems of knowing which crops and households are affected, the importance of seed access (not just availability) and the need to plan interventions earlier than at present. The development of a Seed Systems Profile (SSP) is proposed to understand better both the socio-economic and agro-ecological aspects of farmers' seed systems. A five-step framework for assessing seed systems in disaster situations is also presented. These tools are currently being tested and further refined in Mozambique. A better understanding of farmers' seed systems will allow for the development of relief and rehabilitation interventions that effectively enhance the resilience and reduce the vulnerability of these systems.     

Survival,reproduction, and recruitment of woody plants after 14 years on a reforested landfill

With the advent of modern sanitary landfill closure techniques, the opportunity exists for transforming municipal landfills into urban woodlands. While costs of fullscale reforestation are generally prohibitive, a modest planting of clusters of trees and shrubs could initiate or accelerate population expansions and natural plant succession from open field to diverse forest. However, among woody species that have been screened for use on landfills, these ecological potentials have not yet been investigated. We examined a 14-yr-old landfill plantation in New Jersey, USA, established to test tolerance of 19 species of trees and shrubs to landfill environments. We measured survivorship, reproduction, and recruitment within and around the experimental installation. Half of the original 190 plants were present, although survival and growth rates varied widely among species. An additional 752 trees and shrubs had colonized the plantation and its perimeter, as well as 2955 stems of vines. However, the great majority (>95%) of woody plants that had colonized were not progeny of the planted cohort, but instead belonged to 18 invading species, mostly native, bird-dispersed, and associated with intermediate stages of secondary plant succession. Based on this evidence, we recommend that several ecological criteria be applied to choices of woody species for the restoration of municipal landfills and similar degraded sites, in order to maximize rapid and economical establishment of diverse, productive woodlands.     

Geographic variations in seed dispersal by ants: are plant and seed traits decisive?

The effect of local ant species on the dispersal success of a myrmecochorous plant, Helleborus foetidus, was analyzed in two populations of the Iberian Peninsula (Caurel and Cazorla, respectively). The contribution of the various local ant species to dispersal was very unequal. While 5 and 19 ant taxa visited the plants of Caurel and Cazorla, respectively, most removal activity (67 and 80%) was performed by two species only (Formica lugubris and Camponotus cruentatus, respectively). Visits by dispersers were also unequally distributed between neighboring plants. While some plants were always visited during the period of seed release, others were never visited. A regression model indicated that this pattern might be explained by two plant traits: ants preferred to visit plants that released more seeds and whose elaiosomes were richer in oleic acid. Although it has long been known that this compound triggers removal by ants, it is the first demonstration that quantitative variations in elaiosome traits contribute to variation in dispersal success. Finally, other variables being equal, morphological traits (seed size, elaiosome size, and elaiosome/seed size ratio) did not affect ant behavior. Although myrmecochory has long been considered a diffuse interaction, our results support the idea that, at local scale, a limited number of ant species may be decisive to its evolution.     

Regeneration of Nothofagus pumilio [Poepp. et Endl.] Krasser forests after five years of seed tree cutting

Nothofagus pumilio [Poepp. et Endl.] Krasser is a deciduous tree species that grows in Chile and adjacent Argentina between 36 and 56 degrees S, often forming the Andean tree line. Silvicultural systems proposed for this species integrate both regeneration and intermediate level operations in an orderly process for managing forest stands. The seed-tree method of regeneration has been used to manage even-aged stands of this species. This paper investigates the effect of seed tree cuttings on the regeneration of Nothofagus pumilio [Poepp. et Endl.] Krasser forest located in the Magallanes region (Chile). The studied forest was managed on an even-aged basis using a seed tree silvicultural system for regeneration with an intensity of cutting of 65-70% of the basal area and a minimum of 15 dominant lenga trees per hectare retained. A regeneration inventory sampling was used to quantify regeneration attributes in the study area. Regeneration was found to be significantly affected by the seed tree cuttings. In fact, the number of established individuals rose from 0.39 to 26.7 plants m(-2) pre-harvest to 9.2-21.5 plants m(-2) post-harvest, depending on the particular development stage. Total regeneration ranged from 9.5 to 48.2 plants m(-2). The number of plants established over the period 1992-1997 was related to the residual basal area, coverage and number of trees. However, mean tree height was not significantly related to any regeneration variable. Significant variables were used to establish a regeneration prediction model using single and multiple linear equations (R2<0.418). Consequently, the seed tree method of regeneration can be considered feasible for commercially valuable lenga forests, although this method, in its strictest application, will create many large, irregularly shaped, even-aged groups.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.     

TC18钛合金在海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为研究

目的为TC18钛合金应用范围扩展和产品结构的设计与选材提供有益的借鉴和参考。方法采用宏微观腐蚀形貌、静态力学性能、断裂韧度、疲劳裂纹扩展速率研究TC18钛合金在海洋大气环境下暴露6年的腐蚀行为。结果 TC18钛合金在微观形貌上未见点蚀坑等明显腐蚀,抗拉强度和断裂韧度随海洋环境试验时间的延长呈下降趋势,试验4年,TC18断裂韧度下降了6.7%,其断口形貌表现为准解理断口。在da/d N-ΔK双对数坐标中,2,4,6年三个试验周期中两者均呈现很好的线性关系,Paris公式da/d N=C(ΔK)~n中,参数分别为C_1=5.846×10~(-11),n_1=2.320,C_2=6.01×10~(-14),n_2=3.48,C_3=1.81×10~(-13),n_3=3.30。结论 TC18钛合金在海洋大气环境下表现出较低的腐蚀敏感性。     

The effects of different electrode materials on seed germination of Solanum nigrum L. and its Cd accumulation in soil

The effects of different electrode on Solanum nigrum L.seed germination were determined.The result showe d that germination percentage(GP) of seeds in treatment T2(titanium electrode) was 26.6% higher than in control(CK,without electric field).High potassium and calcium concentrations were beneficial for seed enzymatic activity in treatment T2,which could partly explain the increase in GP.Cd accumulation(μg/pot) in S.nigrum treated with any electric field was significantly higher(p<0.05) than...