厌氧发酵沼气提纯技术研究进展

厌氧消化产生的沼气主要成分是甲烷(CH4)50%～70%和二氧化碳(CO2)30%～50%,是一种可持续有价值的能量来源。随着矿石燃料的枯竭,沼气利用的需求不断增长,将沼气提纯到甲烷含量90%以上可取代天然气而受到广泛关注。目前沼气提纯在工业上主要通过变压吸附、吸收或膜分离等技术实现CO2的去除,也有研究者探索了原位沼气提纯技术,即在厌氧反应器中通过一定的措施实现沼气提纯,为现阶段沼气提纯技术提供新的思路和研究方向。     

化石燃料电厂CO2俘获方案研究

论述了CO2俘获的重要性和紧迫性,介绍了4种适用于化石燃料电厂的CO2俘获方案：煤粉燃烧中的CO2分离和俘获处理、气化CO2分离和俘获处理、氧燃烧CO2分离和俘获处理和化学环燃烧处理。     

Selective sorptive removal of Methyl Red from individual and binary component solutions by mesoporous organosilicas of MCM-41 type

Organosilicas with chemically immobilized 3-aminopropyl and Methyl Red-containing surface groups were prepared by sol-gel condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane in the presence of dye as part of the mixed micelles or dye-containing silane as silica source. The hexagonally arranged mesoporous structure of synthesized materials was confirmed by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption, x-ray diffraction, and TEM studies. Chemical composition of MCM-41-type organosilicas was established by FT-IR spectroscopy and chemical analysis of surface layer. Sorption of Methyl Red by organosilicas was studied from diluted phosphate buffer solutions in dependence of medium pH, duration of contact, and equilibrium concentration of dye. It was found that effective removal of Methyl Red takes place at pH values within a range of 2.5?5. Kinetic curves of Methyl Red sorption on organosilicas were analyzed by the Lagergren, Ho-McKey, and Weber-Morris kinetic models. It was found that the pseudo-second-order model fits the kinetics of Methyl Red sorption on all synthesized materials and the intraparticle diffusion is not the only one mechanism controlling the rate of Methyl Red sorptive removal. The parameters of equilibrium sorption of Methyl Red on organosilicas of MCM-41 type were calculated using Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller models. Sorption of acid dyes with geometry similar or substantially different from Methyl Red on mesoporous silicas was studied from single and binary component mixtures in aqueous solutions with pH 4.8 and 5.5. It was found that selective sorption process is highly dependent on the structural characteristics and protolytic state of silica surface as well as acid dye.     

A waste management planning based on substance flow analysis

The paper describes the results of a municipal solid waste management planning based on an extensive utilization of material and substance flow analysis, combined with the results of specific life cycle assessment studies. The mass flow rates of wastes and their main chemical elements were quantified with a view to providing scientific support to the decision-making process and to ensure that the technical inputs to this process are transparent and rigorous. The role of each waste management option (recycling chains, biological and thermal treatments), as well as that of different levels of household source separation and collection (SSC), was quantitatively determined. The plant requirements were consequently evaluated, by assessing the benefits afforded by the application of high quality SSC, biological treatment of the wet organic fraction, and thermal treatment of unsorted residual waste. Landfill volumes and greenhouse gas emissions are minimized, toxic organic materials are mineralized, heavy metals are concentrated in a small fraction of the total former solid waste volume, and the accumulation of atmophilic metals in the air pollution control residues allows new recycling schemes to be designed for metals. The results also highlight that the sustainability of very high levels of SSC is reduced by the large quantities of sorting and recycling residues, amounts of toxic substances in the recycled products, as well as logistic and economic difficulties of obtaining very high interception levels. The combination of material and substance flow analysis with an environmental assessment method such as life cycle assessment appears an attractive tool-box for comparing alternative waste management technologies and scenarios, and then to support waste management decisions on both strategic and operating levels.     

Use of oleaginous plants in phytotreatment of grey water and yellow water from source separation of sewage

Efficient and economic reuse of waste is one of the pillars of modern environmental engineering. In the field of domestic sewage management, source separation of yellow (urine), brown (faecal matter) and grey waters aims to recover the organic substances concentrated in brown water, the nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) in the urine and to ensure an easier treatment and recycling of grey waters. With the objective of emphasizing the potential of recovery of resources from sewage management, a lab-scale research study was carried out at the University of Padova in order to evaluate the performances of oleaginous plants (suitable for biodiesel production) in the phytotreatment of source separated yellow and grey waters. The plant species used were Brassica napus (rapeseed), Glycine max (soybean) and Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Phytotreatment tests were carried out using 20 L pots. Different testing runs were performed at an increasing nitrogen concentration in the feedstock. The results proved that oleaginous species can conveniently be used for the phytotreatment of grey and yellow waters from source separation of domestic sewage, displaying high removal efficiencies of nutrients and organic substances (nitrogen > 80%; phosphorous > 90%; COD nearly 90%). No inhibition was registered in the growth of plants irrigated with different mixtures of yellow and grey waters, where the characteristics of the two streams were reciprocally and beneficially integrated.     

基于薄膜生物反应技术的环境污水处理方法研究

污水处理系统中使用传统污水处理技术会加入大量化学药品并且需要建立占地广阔的净化池,净化过程使用化学药品会存在一定的残留,针对上述问题,设计出基于薄膜生物反应技术的环境污水的处理方法.设计的方法由两部分组成一部分是膜分离单元一部分是生物处理单元.膜分离单元完成有毒物质以及漂浮物的隔离,通过MBR反应对污水中大分子有机物以及可溶性微生物进行反应消化,最终通过沉淀池的把多余的活性污泥进行沉淀完成污水的处理.为保证设计方法的有效性,按照设计方法模拟使用过程与传统污水处理方法进行对比,得出结论:(1)设计的基于薄膜生物反应技术的环境污水处理方法不需要对水中进行化学药品添加;(2)没有占用过多的净化空间;(3)在净水效果上明显比传统处理方法有效;(4)污水处理量大;(5)性价比较高节约污水处理成本.     

铜铁氧体法处理模拟染料废水

探讨了不同反应条件对铜铁氧体法(in situ copper ferrite process)处理亚甲基蓝、结晶紫、刚果红和酒石黄这4种不同模拟染料废水的效果,并以亚甲基蓝模拟染料废水为例,研究了铁氧体法处理染料废水的反应热力学和生成沉淀物的物理化学性质,提出了铜铁氧体法处理模拟染料废水的主要机制.结果表明,通过调节铜铁氧体法的反应条件对4种模拟染料废水均可取得良好的处理效果.在c(Cu2+)=0.01 mol·L-1,c(Fe2+)=0.025 mol·L-1,c(OH)/c(M)=1.7(投加的氢氧根离子与金属的摩尔比),T=40℃,t=60 min的条件下,铜铁氧体法对亚甲基蓝、酒石黄、结晶紫、刚果红这4种模拟染料废水的最大处理能力分别达到349.2、382.2、402.5、831.8 mg·g-1.铜铁氧体法处理模拟染料废水的机制主要是高活性的新生态Fe-Cu沉淀物对染料分子的高效吸附和在沉淀物聚集过程中的卷扫、包裹作用.沉淀物通过磁分离、分解提纯、高温煅烧可生成铜铁氧体晶体材料回收利用.     

Metal and oxalate contamination in a suburban watershed in the greater Toronto area: the benefits of combining acid leach and selective extraction procedures

Environmentally available concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Ni in soils and sediments from a small suburban catchment, obtained using an acid leach procedure, are compared to the Ontario Ministry of the Environment lowest effect level (LEL) and severe effect levels (SEL) and to Provincial sediment quality guidelines (PSQG's). These data are then compared to the bioavailability, potential bioavailability and non-bioavailability of the same metals, plus oxalate concentration, identified using a selective extraction procedure. This combination of techniques enhanced analytical interpretation with respect to metal mobility and potential metal contamination. Selective extraction highlighted the presence of oxalate as a potential contaminant, especially in poorly drained valley floor deposits (33,633 mg kg(-1) and 26,284 mg kg(-1)) and lakeshore sediments (27,095 mg kg(-1) and 13,729 mg kg(-1)). These levels are considerably in excess of those previously documented in a similar study from Rio de Janeiro, where contamination of urban sediment by sewage is a recognised environmental problem, and could possibly be used both as an indicator of similar contamination and the identification of those areas that warrant further investigation.     

The acceleration of flames in tube explosions with two obstacles as a function of the obstacle separation distance

The separation distance (or pitch) between two successive obstacles or rows of obstacles is an important parameter in the acceleration of flame propagation and increase in explosion severity. Whilst this is generally recognised, it has received little specific attention by investigators. In this work a vented cylindrical vessel 162 mm in diameter 4.5 m long was used to study the effect of separation distance of two low blockage (30%) obstacles. The set up was demonstrated to produce overpressure through the fast flame speeds generated (i.e. in a similar mechanism to vapour cloud explosions). A worst case separation distance was found to be 1.75 m which produced close to 3 bar overpressure and a flame speed of about 500 m/s. These values were of the order of twice the overpressure and flame speed with a double obstacle separated 2.75 m (83 characteristic obstacle length scales) apart. The profile of effects with separation distance was shown to agree with the cold flow turbulence profile determined in cold flows by other researchers. However, the present results showed that the maximum effect in explosions is experienced further downstream than the position of maximum turbulence determined in the cold flow studies. It is suggested that this may be due to the convection of the turbulence profile by the propagating flame. The present results would suggest that in many previous studies of repeated obstacles the separation distance investigated might not have included the worst case set up, and therefore existing explosion protection guidelines may not be derived from worst case scenarios.     

空分装置爆炸危险与防控分析

分析了空分装置可能发生设备爆炸的部位及形成爆炸的原因,指出碳氢化合物（尤其是乙炔）的积聚是导致空分装置爆炸的主要因素,提出了防止空分装置爆炸的安全防控措施。