碳纤维含量对球形非金属阻隔防爆材料防爆性能的影响

在临界起爆能和高起爆能条件下,对装填碳纤维含量分别为6.5%、8.0%、9.5%和 11.0%球形非金属阻隔防爆材料的油箱进行等效静爆试验,探究球形非金属阻隔防爆材 料中碳纤维含量对其防爆性能的影响。利用红外热成像仪、高速摄像机分别记录油箱爆 炸火球的温度场参数及爆炸过程,并与未填装阻隔防爆材料的油箱进行对比。试验结果 表明:在临界起爆能条件下,装填4种材料的油箱均有一定阻燃防爆效果,油箱爆炸产 生的燃料云团面积有依次减小的趋势;在高起爆能量条件下,4种材料的外场防爆性能 分数分别为16.93、22.04、32.51、94.18,材料的防爆能力随着碳纤维含量的增加而增 强。     

Environmentally significant photochemistry of chlorinated benzenes and their derivatives in aquatic systems†

The pollution of soil and aquatic environments by chlorinated aromatic pollutants (CAPs) such as polychlorobenzenes (PCBzs), polychlorophenols (PCPs), polychloro‐diphenyl ethers (PCDPEs), phenoxyacetic acids, etc., creates growing public anxiety. Phototransformation is an important process for pollutants in aquatic systems. This article extensively reviews the environmentally significant solution phase photochemistry of PCBzs as well as other CAPs derived therefrom. The paper includes photochemical fate of these CAPs at wavelengths >285 nm on the one hand and their photolysis in solution in aquatic systems on the other. In this article, photolytic reductive dechlorination and isomerization of PCBzs are reviewed together with the photoformation of several products including polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) from PCBzs. Recently developed phenomena of photoincorporation of PCBzs into humic model monomers is also described. This review also describes the environmental photochemistry of chlorobenzene derivatives, namely, α‐substituted p‐chlorotoluenes of the general structure p‐ClC₆H₄CH₂‐X (X = H, Cl, CN, COOH and OH), di‐through pentachlorophenols, PCDPEs (having Cl_1–5 contents) with and without o‐OH substituents, and 2,4‐di‐ and 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T, respectively) as well as their esters and some formulations.     

Characterization studies of a semi‐automated separation method for analysis of non‐ortho substituted polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in environmental samples

Non‐ortho substituted polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners can account for the majority of the dioxin‐like toxicity in environmental samples, yet analysis for these congeners is difficult because other PCB congeners co‐elute with them in most Chromatographic methods. An automated method was developed which incorporates a porous graphitic carbon (PGC) column which is commercially available. Non‐ortho substituted congeners were successfully separated from interfering PCB congeners. Recoveries of non‐ortho substituted congeners were consistently reproducible (CV < 9%) when chicken eggs were fortified with individual congeners.     

D201树脂对双组分萘系化合物的吸附分离

用D201强碱性阴离子交换树脂自双组分水溶液中选择吸附分离1-氨基-2-萘酚-4-磺酸(1,2,4-酸)和2-萘酚,考察了溶液pH值、浓度、温度、树脂床高及流速等因素对吸附和分离系数的影响.结果表明,在pH 3—6时,树脂对1,2,4-酸有较高的吸附量及吸附选择性,利于1,2,4-酸与2-萘酚的选择性吸附分离.温度对吸附的影响较小,等温吸附规律符合Freundlich模型.动态吸附表明,至1,2,4-酸的泄漏点时,吸附流出液中几乎只含2-萘酚,1,2,4-酸被吸附于树脂上.随着树脂床层的增长或初始浓度和流速的减小,都使泄漏点推迟及分离系数提高.载酚酸的树脂柱可用15%质量比的NH4Cl和20%体积比的乙醇混合液定量洗脱1,2,4-酸.     

站场伴生气减排回收工艺研究与应用

针对部分油田站场因伴生气量低造成的燃烧排放或无效放空的生产现状,研制了一种基于双U型管气液分离、气体过滤、阀前调压稳压和止回阀的组合式回收装置。对组合式回收装置进行了功能测试,并在17座站场现场应用,供气系统压力平稳,加热炉正常运行,实现了低气油比站场伴生气100%回收利用,有利于油田安全环保、节能减排与清洁生产。     

Promotional effect of ion-exchanged K on the low-temperature hydrothermal stability of Cu/SAPO-34 and its synergic application with Fe/Beta catalysts

• K⁺ hinder the structural degradation of Cu/SAPO-34 under humid condition<100°C. • K⁺ on Cu/SAPO-34 brings lower acidity and inferior SCR activity at high temperature. • Fe/Beta was used to compensate the low activity of Cu/SAPO-34 at high temperature. • The hybrid catalysts with KCu/SAPO-34 and Fe/Beta show a great potential for using. K ions were introduced onto Cu/SAPO-34 catalysts via the ion-exchange process in order to improve their stability under low-temperature hydrothermal aging. The changes in structure and copper-species contents of these catalysts upon hydrothermal aging were probed in order to investigate their effects on selective catalytic reduction (SCR) activity. For the fresh Cu/SAPO-34 catalysts, K ions had little influence on the chabazite framework but effected their acidities by exchanging with acid sites. After hydrothermal aging, the structural integrity and amount of active sites decreased on pure Cu/SAPO-34. While the K-loaded catalysts showed improved chabazite structure, acidity, and active site conservation with increasing K loading. However, although the 0.7 wt% K catalyst maintained the same crystallinity, active site abundance, and low-temperature SCR activity as the fresh catalyst upon aging, an apparent decrease in SCR activity at high temperature was observed because of the inevitable decrease in the number of Brönsted acid sites. To compensate for the activity disadvantage of K-loaded Cu/SAPO-34 at high temperature, Fe/Beta catalysts were co-employed with K-loaded Cu/SAPO-34, and a wide active temperature window of SCR activity was obtained. Thus, our study reveals that a combined system comprising Fe/Beta and K-loaded Cu/SAPO-34 catalysts shows promise for the elimination of NO_x in real-world applications.     

聚二乙烯基苯功能化纺织布用于快速油水分离的研究

面对日趋严重的海洋漏油事故及工业含油废水排放问题,本研究提出了一种基于聚二乙烯基苯（PDVB）的超疏水纺织布制备方法,将二乙烯基苯单体在纺织布纤维上聚合生长,形成超疏水涂层,用于快速油水分离.结果表明,制备的纺织布具有优异的超疏水性,水接触角为155°,对不同油/水混合物的分离效率均高于97%,渗透通量达3077 L·m^-2·h^-1.在砂纸磨损40次、超声处理60 min和不同溶剂浸泡实验中依旧维持超疏水性.研究表明,该超疏水纺织布的制备方法高效、简单、环保、成本低,适合大规模生产,所制备的超疏水超亲油的纺织布是用于溢油清理和工业含油废水处理的非常有前途的材料.     

武汉城市污水中微塑料的分离、鉴定及其微观特征分析

为研究武汉城市污水中微塑料的分布特点及其表面形貌特征,采用以连续浮选分离装置为基础进行改进设计的微塑料提取装置对污水中微塑料进行分离,通过用65%硝酸和30%过氧化氢混合液（体积比为1:3）对污水样品进行消解,并采用筛网（300、600、1 000目）（100目=0.147 mm）和滤膜（1 μm玻璃纤维滤膜和20 nm氧化铝滤膜）分离技术建立起对水体微塑料和纳米塑料的分离富集方法.通过傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电镜-X射能谱分析联用（SEM-EDS）等方法对所提取微塑料颗粒的组成成分、赋存特征、表面形貌特征进行分析.结果表明:①提取装置的平均回收率在92%以上.②污水中微塑料类型主要为碎片类、泡沫类、薄膜类和纤维类.③FTIR结果证实,该方法所提取的微塑料颗粒中有聚乙烯、聚丙烯等成分,且发现了羰基、聚酯类物质存在,说明提取到的微塑料中可能有可降解塑料颗粒.④SEM-EDS结果显示,各类微塑料表面粗糙、撕裂程度不同,存在不同程度的风化痕迹,并在其表面发现Si、Cu、O、Al、Na、Ca、Ba等元素的富集.研究显示:改进的微塑料分离方法能够实现对污水中微塑料的高效提取;同时,明确了武汉城市污水微塑料的表面形貌特征及赋存特征,为未来武汉城市污水中微塑料污染的针对性治理提供理论依据.      

两株自养型氨氧化细菌的分离、鉴定及系统发育分析

以水产养殖废水处理工程的生物膜为菌源,采用传统的富集、分离纯化等微生物学手段,筛选出2株自养型氨氧化细菌A.P-7和A.P-8,并将其转接至液体分离培养基中培养17 d,定量检测结果表明,菌株A.P-7和A.P-8的氨氮去除率均可达到90%以上. 对2株菌的形态特征与生理生化性质分析结果表明,2株菌与假单胞菌属成员相似. 进一步测定2株菌的16S rDNA基因序列,测序结果提交至GenBank进行同源性检索分析,并通过MEGA 4.0软件进行比对和系统发育分析,结果显示2株菌均属于假单胞菌属,与门多萨假单胞菌的同源性最高,达99%以上.      

自生动态膜分离厌氧产酸污泥效果与特征研究

采用自生生物动态膜(SFDM)分离高浓度发酵产酸污泥(非牛顿流体),研究了自生动态膜对发酵污泥中发酵底物的截留及挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的选择透过性效果,考察了自生生物动态膜阻力构成和膜污染层成分.结果表明:自生动态膜在运行3d后,出水悬浮性固体(SS)基本保持在1.5g/L以下,多糖截留率为40%,蛋白质截留率为75%;运行5d时,溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)截留率稳定在45%左右,可以稳定截留分子量较大的物质;VFAs的截留率仅维持在3%左右,可以选择性透过动态膜.自生动态膜运行阻力主要来自动态膜层,粘附在膜面的胞外蛋白质是主要膜污染贡献物质.