Waste separation at home: Are Japanese municipal curbside recycling policies efficient?

Recent studies have predicted that the costs and benefits of curbside recycling programs will vary considerably across municipalities. In this paper, we examine how the characteristics of municipalities are reflected in curbside recycling policies. Our analysis of Japanese municipal data reveals that municipalities implement recycling programs that fit the demographic profiles of their residents. Municipalities with a considerable number of single-recycler households tend to implement simple waste separation programs. The labor market positions of spouses have different impacts on recycling policies. We further find that the municipalities implementing comprehensive recycling programs collect plastic bottles and containers more frequently than do other municipalities. This implies that the municipalities need to take measures to effectively execute comprehensive recycling programs after implementing them.     

现代分离技术在环境分析中的应用

对样品进行预处理分离的主要目的是:①浓缩痕量污染物,降低最小检测浓度;②除去干扰物,提高测定的精确度和灵敏度;③通过化学衍生,提高被测物的灵敏度和选择性;④消除对分析系统有害的物质,使仪器保持良好稳定的运行状况。文章综合论述了固相萃取技术、固相微萃取技术、膜萃取技术、超临界流体萃取技术、毛细管电泳技术、加速溶剂萃取技术和微波萃取技术等现代分离技术在大庆油田环境分析中的应用现状以及分离技术的发展前景。     

长庆低渗透油田废弃钻井液处理探讨

通过对长庆低渗透油田废弃钻井液性能分析,确定了固液分离-固化一体化处理思路;研究了不同破胶剂体系、破胶剂加量、絮凝剂分子量等对固液分离及出水率的影响;处理结果表明:添加20%粘土同时加入6%固化剂时固化体针入度可降至0.5mm以下,达到强度要求,又可降低成本。现场试验证实固液分离析出水和固化体浸出液均达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。     

燃烧后CO2气体捕集技术研究

从燃煤电厂排出的烟气分离技术,分为即燃烧前处理、富氧燃烧以及燃烧后处理三类,阐述燃烧后的处理方法.这种方法有五大技术发展方向,包括吸收、吸附、膜分离、霜冻分离和生物捕捉.对这五个方向的技术做一些阐述,并列举这几个方向下正在开展的研究实例,对二氧化碳捕集技术做一个较全面的介绍.     

废弃电路板湿法破碎与分选回收金属研究

为了有效破碎废弃印刷电路板,解决冲击破碎过程中气味和粉尘的二次污染问题,采用以水为介质的湿法冲击式破碎机对废弃电路板进行破碎实验研究。破碎后废弃电路板颗粒的粒度分布是以-1+0.5mm和-0.074mm粒度区间的双峰为特征的。根据电路板金属和非金属选择性分布的特性,建立了电路板破碎产物粒度分布的双峰分布函数,应用Origin7.0软件对破碎产物的双峰分布函数进行非线性拟合,相关系数R2均大于0.999,且残差E值较小。采用变径水介质分选床对破碎至-1mm粒级的废弃电路板物料进行了金属回收的实验研究,结果表明,在水流量5.5m3/h,给料速率250g/min,倾斜度为35°条件下,可获得93.92%的综合效率和93.73%的回收率。论文提出了废弃电路板"湿法冲击破碎+分级+变径分选"回收金属的创新性工艺。     

钒钛SCR脱硝催化剂低温研究进展

由于商用钒钛SCR催化剂存在活性温度偏高等缺点,开发低温高活性的催化剂体系已成为国内外研究的热点。分析了钒钛催化剂低温SCR反应的脱硝机理,探讨了催化剂性能的低温改性方法和努力方向,介绍了催化剂中毒方面的研究进展,为催化剂的完善和低温SCR的深入研究提供参考。     

含聚油泥处理工艺参数优化及交互作用分析

采用自制的油泥分离剂通过热化学分离法处理聚驱油田现场产生的含聚油泥。采用正交实验得到的最佳工艺参数为:剂泥比2.0 m L/g,反应温度80℃,反应时间30 min,搅拌转速500 r/min,在此工艺条件下原油回收率为92.08%。利用支持向量机运算法(SVM)建立模型,分析了各工艺参数之间的交互作用,得出优化后的含聚油泥处理工艺参数为:剂泥比2.5 m L/g,反应温度80℃,反应时间34 min,搅拌转速530 r/min,理论上的最高原油回收率为94.76%。对于模型优选出的工艺参数进行了5组验证实验,平均原油回收率达94.50%。采用优选工艺参数处理3种不同来源的含聚油泥,原油回收率均高于90%。     

球柱形旋风除尘器分离性能数值模拟与实验

针对传统柱锥形旋风除尘器存在细颗粒分离效率低的问题,提出了一种新型球柱形旋风除尘器。采用数值模拟和实验研究手段,分析了柱段高度对球柱形旋风除尘器分离特性的影响。模拟结果表明：当球柱形旋风除尘器柱段高度不为零时,随着柱段高度的增加,静压力逐渐变小;球柱形旋风除尘器内流体的切向速度均呈“M”型分布;流体轴向速度随着半径的减小,其绝对值先增大后减小,在中心轴线处又开始增大;流体径向速度均关于中心轴线对称。实验结果表明,当球柱形旋风除尘器柱段高度为150 mm时,总分离效率最高,可达到92.01%。研究结果可为旋风除尘器中细小颗粒分离应用提供指导,对提高5 μm以下颗粒分离效率具有重要意义。     

用弱碱性离子交换树脂分离2-萘磺酸的研究

介绍了采用弱碱性离子交换树脂回收2－萘磺酸废水中的2－萘磺酸的试验研究。进行了pH、交换温度、共存阴离子等影响因素的条件试验及树脂再生试验,在较佳条件下,2－萘磺酸交换吸附率达98％以上,洗脱率接近100％。     

Investigation on the urea deposit formation and thermal decomposition characteristics in the SCR aftertreatment system of a diesel engine

Selective catalytic reduction is the most efficient and reliable equipment for NOx control in current diesel engines. However, the issue of urea crystallization becomes increasingly serious with the implement of the new emissions standards. In this paper, urea deposit samples collected from engine test bed and tube furnace were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform-infrared analysis to aid the comprehension of urea deposit formation. Moreover, thermogravimetric tests were conducted to disclose the effects of catalyst on the thermal decomposition processes of urea deposit. The results indicated that less temperature resistant species are formed in the engine test bed than in the tube furnace at conditions with the same temperatures. The main compositions in the World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC) urea deposits are urea, cyanuric acid (CYA) and ammelide, implying that accelerating the decomposition of these species could prevent the accumulation of urea deposit. CuWTi, Cuβ and CuZSM catalysts could lead to increased yield of CYA during pure urea thermolysis. Cuβ, CuWTi and VWTi catalysts tend to promote the thermolysis of CYA while VWTi has the most significant catalytic effects on the thermal decomposition of ammelide and ammeline.