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531.
K. Wittmaack N. Menzel H. Wehnes U. Heinzmann 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2002,36(39-40)
Aerosol matter in the size range <2 μm was collected in a Berner impactor and subsequently analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry. Owing to the low electron beam energy of 5 keV (occasionally 10 keV), analysis was restricted to elements with atomic numbers 20 (Ca). Sub-micrometer aerosol matter was found to contain mostly S, O, and C as well as some K and Ca. Nitrogen appeared to escape detection, probably due to bombardment-induced sublimation of NO3 and NH4. During sampling at low to moderate relative humidity (<60%) the sulphur-rich fraction of the aerosol matter (most likely sulphates) regrew in the form of microcrystals with sizes up to 10 times larger than the mean aerodynamic diameter of the respective impactor stage. By contrast, when sampling during periods in course of which the relative humidity exceeded 70%, the aerosol matter regrew in the form of extended amorphous agglomerates. The aerosol deposits also contained large numbers of carbon nanoparticles, well separated from the regrown sulphate-rich matter. The nanoparticles were similar in size (20–40 nm), much smaller than the equivalent aerodynamic diameter of the impacting particles (63 nm–2 μm). Presumably, the carbon nanoparticles constituted the core of larger air-borne particles covered with sulphates (as well as with nitrates and organic carbon). The regrown microcrystals disappeared rapidly under electron bombardment at high current density, an observation that indicates high volatility at elevated temperatures. Aerosol matter collected in the size range between 1 and 2 μm contained large fractions of particles made of O, Si, P, K, and Ca (oxides). These particles were highly resistant to electron bombardment (hard) and showed little or no evidence for agglomeration or regrowth. After removing the soluble (acidic) material from the collected aerosol matter, only carbon nanoparticles and hard coarse particles were left behind. The observation of agglomerated or crystallized “soft” aerosol matter in combination with phase separation of carbon nanoparticles lends further support to the assertion that it is not possible to collect useful quantities of fine and ultrafine aerosol particles with as-suspended morphology. Some implications for health-related research are discussed. 相似文献
532.
533.
Municipal waste arisings continued to increase during the 1970s in all the industrialized economies. Currently, in the midst of a severe international economic recession, the continuing escalation in the costs of waste disposal poses significant problems for municipal authorities. With the data constraints firmly in mind, this paper estimates the secondary materials supply potential of the municipal waste stream. The calculations suggest that a significant supply potential remains to be utilized despite ‘respectable’ overall recycling rates in most industrial economies. Resource recovery options can be divided into ‘low technology’ source separation schemes and ‘high technology’ mechanical separation schemes. The authors concentrate on the former option and appraise (on the basis of social cost-benefit analysis) a number of schemes that have operated in both Europe and North America. 相似文献
534.
Urban waste recycling behavior: antecedents of participation in a selective collection program 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ABSTRACT/
The aim of this study is to analyze the antecedents of urban waste recycling behavior. To achieve this goal, a concrete urban
waste management program was chosen. The study focuses on the Selective Collection Program (SCP) in Zaragoza, a medium-sized
city in northeastern Spain. The research starts with a conceptual model in which the variables that potentially affect recycling
behavior can be classified into two groups: incentives and barriers. Moreover, the sociodemographic characteristics of the
individuals are included in our study. Given that the proposed model requires specification of latent variables or constructs,
the analysis is based on the Structural Equation Models (SEM) methodology. The results revealed that environmental awareness,
knowledge of the environmental impact of urban waste, and the positive perception of management by local government exercise
a positive effect on individual recycling behavior, while perceived personal difficulties (space and time availability) and
distance to and from the container have a negative effect. As regards sociodemographic variables, this study found that annual
family income sustains a negative relationship with recycling behavior, while age maintains a positive one. The results obtained
clearly show the important role that the public authorities play, especially municipal governments, in achieving the waste
recycling objectives established in accordance with international legislation. 相似文献
535.
We estimated the effects of a temperature control device (TCD) on a suite of thermodynamic and limnological attributes for
a large storage reservoir, Shasta Lake, in northern California. Shasta Dam was constructed in 1945 with a fixed-elevation
penstock. The TCD was installed in 1997 to improve downstream temperatures for endangered salmonids by releasing epilimnetic
waters in the winter/spring and hypolimnetic waters in the summer/fall. We calibrated a two-dimensional hydrodynamic reservoir
water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2, and applied a structured design-of-experiment simulation procedure to predict the principal
limnological effects of the TCD under a variety of environmental scenarios. Calibration goodness-of-fit ranged from good to
poor depending on the constituent simulated, with an R
2 of 0.9 for water temperature but 0.3 for phytoplankton. Although the chemical and thermal characteristics of the discharge
changed markedly, the reservoir's characteristics remained relatively unchanged. Simulations showed the TCD causing an earlier
onset and shorter duration of summer stratification, but no dramatic affect on Shasta's nutrient composition. Peak in-reservoir
phytoplankton production may begin earlier and be stronger in the fall with the TCD, while outfall phytoplankton concentrations
may be much greater in the spring. Many model predictions differed from our a priori expectations that had been shaped by an intensive, but limited-duration, data collection effort. Hydrologic and meteorological
variables, most notably reservoir carryover storage at the beginning of the calendar year, influenced model predictions much
more strongly than the TCD. Model results indicate that greater control over reservoir limnology and release quality may be
gained by carefully managing reservoir volume through the year than with the TCD alone. RID=" ID=" Author to whom correspondence
should be addressed. e-mail: John_Bartholow@USGS.gov 相似文献
536.
C. D. Papaspyrides J. G. Poulakis P. C. Varelides 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》1994,12(3-4)
A dissolution/reprecipitation process has been developed for recycling low density polyethylene. In this paper model experiments on virgin material, either in the form of pellets or film for greenhouses, are presented. It is proposed dissolution of the plastic in an appropriate solvent, reprecipitation by means of non-solvents, washing of the material obtained and drying. The solvent mixtures involved are separated by distillation for further reuse. Toluene/acetone proved to be the most satisfactory solvent/non-solvent system. The recycled material was evaluated in terms of the following properties: melt flow index (MFI), crystallinity, mechanical performance in tensile mode and grain size analysis. 相似文献
537.
火场残留助燃剂的提取分离及气相色谱/质谱分析 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
邱榕 《中国安全生产科学技术》2007,3(1):35-39
本文总结了从火灾现场提取样品中分离残留助燃剂的常用方法,比较了各种不同分离方法的优缺点及主要适用对象,并介绍了常见助燃剂的典型气相色谱/质谱图特性,为火灾调查识别的研究提供理论指导。 相似文献
538.
阐述了新型SXD水力旋流沉淀器的工作原理及结构特点,并从理论和实际应用两方面分析了影响水力旋流器处理效果的因素,评价了其在精对苯二甲酸废水处理中的性能。 相似文献
539.
540.