干法选煤除尘系统技术改造

本文结合某干法选煤厂除尘系统改造,通过现场测试、存在问题分析以及理论计算等,实现了对煤尘控制方案的优化。在此基础上,根据改造方案实施、调试及运行情况,提出了对点多、量大、面广等特殊尘源进行控制的技术。     

催化臭氧氧化—好氧生化—膜分离组合工艺处理砷化镓生产废水的工程应用

为了解决砷化镓生产废水含有磷酸盐、氟化物、砷化物以及难沉降亚微米级悬浮物的处理难点,首先采用催化臭氧氧化—好氧生化深度预处理废水,再采用RO膜分离工艺进行处理。结果表明：催化臭氧氧化法使废水中亚微米级悬浮物脱稳,有利于悬浮物的混凝沉降,并优化了膜分离阶段的分离环境,可延长膜使用寿命,降低运行成本;经过膜分离后,出水砷质量浓度为0.01 mg/L,氟质量浓度为1.0 mg/L,COD、TP、TN和ρ（NH₃-N）为10,0.01,0.50,0.50 mg/L,均达到《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）Ⅲ类水质标准。     

湿法冶锌废渣中有价金属回收研究进展

综述了电化学法、沉淀法、吸附法、离子交换法、浮选法和液膜分离法等在分离回收湿法冶锌废渣中有价金属及相关领域的研究进展,阐述了吸附法和液膜分离法的原理,指出了湿法冶锌废渣中有价金属回收的研究方向:吸附法拥有巨大的潜力,是今后的研究重点;离子交换法的研究热点是开发新型树脂基体;液膜分离法的研究方向一是提升液膜稳定性,二是研发能够高效单一分离有价金属的载体。     

零价铁原位控制底泥磷释放及联合磁性分离除磷技术

水体富营养化是常见的世界性水体生态系统障碍问题之一,给人类生产、生活造成了广泛而严重的影响,同时也是造成世界各地结构性缺水的重要原因之一。底泥磷释放是水体富营养化的重要原因,但目前常用的控磷技术往往成本较高,内源磷再释放风险仍然较大。该研究按铁-泥质量比1.00%、3.33%、5.00%、10.00%,分别向富磷底泥投加的铁粉来模拟零价铁控磷过程,通过分析3、7、14、21、28、35d内底泥磷形态的变化趋势,研究零价铁控磷过程及磁性分离除磷技术的应用前景。结果表明:底泥中水溶性磷、弱结合态磷是水体磷元素的主要来源,零价铁对底泥中高生物活性的弱吸附态磷(NH4Cl-P)去除率最高可达75%,对水溶性磷的去除率可达90%以上,向富磷底泥投加零价铁能够原位富集、降低内源磷生物有效性,阻断底泥向水体释磷的过程;零价铁原位控制底泥磷释放主要依赖于零价铁氧化形成的铁离子和铁氧化物与磷酸根的沉淀和共沉淀过程,加入零价铁后水溶性磷和弱结合态磷主要向铁结合态(Fe-P)转化,联合外加磁场后大部分可随铁粉拔出,最终达到安全高效地去除水体和底泥表层中高生物有效性磷的目的。该方法可以有效解决挖掘清淤、疏浚等控磷方法高成本、易反复的问题,为高效原位治理水体富营养化,保障湖泊、水库生态环境安全提供有价值的技术方法。     

基于航空器高度保持性能的风险碰撞模型优化*

为提高Reich风险碰撞模型在“缩小垂直间隔”(Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum,RVSM)标准实施后的适用性。基于同一机型航空器的测高系统误差（Altimetry System Error,ASE）数据在超高空各高度层中并不服从相同分布且具有显著的统计学差异,针对现有的Reich模型对同一机型仍使用整个航空空域的ASE数值进行经验分布拟合的现状,对模型中ASE混合累积经验分布参数部分进行改进,添加高度层相关的参数,使原有仅根据机型进行累积的ASE经验分布细化为根据机型和高度层2部分进行累积。结果表明:改进后模型可准确体现ASE数据在不同高度层的差异性;采用改进的风险模型进行仿真计算,得到更加精确的结果;验证改进后模型的合理性和其在应用中的有效性。     

Mechanisms of selective attention in grasshopper choruses: who listens to whom?

In many rhythmically signaling species of acoustic insects and anurans, males form choruses at typical population densities. Recent findings that females may prefer leading calls indicate that the timing of a male's signals relative to those of neighboring choruses is an important component of mate attraction. Within a chorus, however, males cannot time their calls such that they lead all neighbors. Hence, they are expected to show selective attention toward only a subset of the group. We used field playback experiments to determine the incidence of and mechanism(s) responsible for selective attention in choruses of the territorial grasshoppers Ligurotettix coquilletti and L. planum. Our data revealed significant selective attention in both species and are inconsistent with either fixed-threshold or fixed-number mechanisms. Rather, regulation of selective attention by a sliding-threshold mechanism is supported. We discuss these results in the context of the evolution of chorus structure. Received: 24 September 1997 / Accepted after revision: 28 February 1998     

Phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge ash through an electrodialytic process

The electrodialytic separation process (ED) was applied to sewage sludge ash (SSA) aiming at phosphorus (P) recovery. As the SSA may have high heavy metals contents, their removal was also assessed. Two SSA were sampled, one immediately after incineration (SA) and the other from an open deposit (SB). Both samples were ED treated as stirred suspensions in sulphuric acid for 3, 7 and 14 days. After 14 days, phosphorus was mainly mobilized towards the anode end (approx. 60% in the SA and 70% in the SB), whereas heavy metals mainly electromigrated towards the cathode end. The anolyte presented a composition of 98% of P, mainly as orthophosphate, and 2% of heavy metals. The highest heavy metal removal was achieved for Cu (ca. 80%) and the lowest for Pb and Fe (between 4% and 6%). The ED showed to be a viable method for phosphorus recovery from SSA, as it promotes the separation of P from the heavy metals.     

高梯度磁分离技术在水处理中的应用及发展

高梯度磁分离技术是一种新型的水处理技术,目前已经得到了大量应用,具有广阔的应用前景。本文介绍了它的基本原理,综述了该技术在水处理中的应用现状,并做出了展望。     

复杂建筑结构人员疏散的元胞自动机模拟研究

为研究复杂建筑结构下人员疏散特征,依据元胞自动机理论建立了多障碍物多出口条件下的疏散模型。该模型结合"静态场+动态场"理论能反映真实场景中的人员疏散过程。利用该模型分别对教室内不同人员密度和不同人员初始分布的疏散过程进行模拟,并重点分析走廊宽度、出口宽度和出口间距对人员疏散效率的影响。研究结果表明:人员疏散时间随着人员密度的增加而增加;并且合理的人员分布可提高出口的利用率及疏散效率。此外,人员疏散时间随走廊宽度的增加呈指数衰减趋势,房间的出口间距较出口宽度对疏散时间的影响更为显著。