Why Singapore's land transportation energy consumption is relatively low

Since the early 1970s, Singapore has enacted a number of measures to tackle traffic congestion, including measures to restrain vehicle ownership. Although Singapore's per capita GDP is comparable to that of OECD countries, the present car-ownership level in Singapore (10 cars per 100 people) is only a fraction of levels in the OECD countries. Traffic flow in this city-State is relatively smooth, even during peak hours. Although the measures taken were aimed primarily at tackling traffic congestion, they have had other positive impacts, such as reducing energy consumption, air pollution and CO₂ emissions. This article presents an overview of the transportation measures and initiatives in Singapore, and analyses two of the transport demand management measures in detail: the vehicle restraint measure, in particular the unique vehicle quota system introduced in 1990; and the two road pricing systems, i.e. the area licensing scheme (ALS) that operated from 1974 to 1998, and the electronic road pricing system (ERP) that went into operation in 1998. Energy and environmental impacts are then discussed, and finally factors contributing to the success of these schemes. Although certain conditions are unique to Singapore, the experience shows that substantial energy and environmental benefits can be achieved through managing urban transportation system in an integrated and innovative way.     

煤和瓦斯突出过程中瓦斯作用机理的研究

阐述了瓦斯在煤和瓦斯突出过程中所起的作用 ;指出煤层中瓦斯的存在改变了煤岩体的物理力学性质及响应特性 ,使之成为非稳定介质 ;特别强调在瓦斯突出发生时 ,瓦斯膨胀能起了至关重要的作用 ;由于瓦斯的存在 ,加剧了煤体失稳破坏的过程。     

新形势下河北省农村可再生能源管理与政策研究

我国农村可再生能源发展面临生态文明建设、能源安全趋紧、大气污染严重等新的形势变化。作为农业大省,河北省近年来农村可再生能源发展与管理成绩显著,为改善农民生活、保护生态环境、增加能源供应、促进经济社会发展等做出了积极贡献。但新形势下,其农村可再生能源管理也暴露出了思想认识不足、部分法规政策滞后、缺乏宏观科学规划、资金筹措机制单一、后续监督管理不够等问题,需要从加强宣传教育、提高认识水平,完善规章制度、形成法律体系,制定科学规划、明确目标计划,拓宽融资渠道、稳定资金支持、完善服务体系、加强后续管理等方面完善管理与政策,以推进其健康持续发展。     

过去20年气候变暖对我国冬季采暖气候条件与能源需求的影响

20世纪80年代中期以来,我国气候变暖,尤其是90年代中期以来的显著变暖,对我国冬季采暖气候条件和能源需求产生了很大影响。论文以全国458个气象台站逐日平均气温为基础,对其影响进行了分析。依照《采暖通风与空气调节设计规范G(B50019-2003)》的规定,确定了采暖初(终)日及集中(过渡)采暖期的划分方法,并采用度日法分析了采暖强度。结果发现与1980年以前时段相比,1985-2004年以及1995-2004年间,我国集中采暖区和过渡采暖区的界线明显北移,尤其110E°以东地区北移最大达2～3个纬距;北方大部地区采暖期长度缩短5～15d,长江以南地区缩短最大达30d以上;北方采暖强度普遍减小200℃以上;理论上由气候变暖导致的我国北方地区冬季采暖耗能降低了5%～30%,长江中下游地区冬季采暖耗能降低了30%以上。     

超声波强化膜分离及清洗的研究进展

综述了超声波强化膜分离与膜清洗的机理,国内外超声波强化膜分离与清洗的研究现状以及影响该技术运用的问题所在。现有的研究成果表明:通过低功率超声波辐射处理污染膜可以减缓运行过程中的浓差极化及膜污染,而如何优化操作参数、如何减小超声波对膜体损害是近期的研究重点。     

硬木地板材料和棉花秆的变氧浓度热解燃烧表观动力学的实验研究

本文采用TG-FTIR分析方法深入研究了火场中硬木地板材料和棉花秆变氧浓度燃烧过程,深入分析了氧浓度对纤维物质燃烧表观热失重影响;通过大量的动力学参数计算得出了可燃物的表观活化能与实际氧浓度成线性关系;分析了氧浓度对木材燃烧气体产物的影响,并探索了氧浓度影响热解和燃烧的机理。     

生物质热解影响因素研究

阐述了生物质的特点及其热解的定义和热解机理,综述了生物质热解过程中,温度、升温速率、物料特性（如种类、分子结构、粒径和颗粒形状等）、滞留时间、压力等操作条件对生物质热解及其产物分布组成和特性的影响,指出了生物质热解的技术关键。     

颗粒活性炭吸附染料的类分形动力学特征的研究

建立了复杂分子吸附反应时指数h与分形子谱维数ds、分形介质的表面分形维数Ds 的关系式.对吸附动力学数据的模拟表明,不同温度下6种染料在颗粒活性炭表面的吸附过程符合非线性动力学.吸附速率一般随着温度的升高而增加,反应活化能在0 2 0～1 75kJ·mol- 1 之间.上述反应为快速反应.进一步分析表明,该吸附过程具有类分形动力学特征,吸附反应的逐时速率系数k与反应时间t呈指数关系;相应的分形子谱维数ds<2 .随着染料的初始浓度的增加,ds 也随之增加,而h和k0 值通常会随之降低.吸附3种酸性染料时,h和k0 值在本实验的温度范围内均随着温度的升高而增加;其它3种直接性染料也大都呈现h随着温度的升高而增加的趋势.上述吸附反应中有效反应级数x也与ds、Ds 有关,呈现分数反应级数     

Validation of a hybrid life-cycle inventory analysis method

The life-cycle inventory analysis step of a life-cycle assessment (LCA) may currently suffer from several limitations, mainly concerned with the use of incomplete and unreliable data sources and methods of assessment. Many past LCA studies have used traditional inventory analysis methods, namely process analysis and input-output analysis. More recently, hybrid inventory analysis methods have been developed, combining these two traditional methods in an attempt to minimise their limitations. In light of recent improvements, these hybrid methods need to be compared and validated, as these too have been considered to have several limitations. This paper evaluates a recently developed hybrid inventory analysis method which aims to improve the limitations of previous methods. It was found that the truncation associated with process analysis can be up to 87%, reflecting the considerable shortcomings in the quantity of process data currently available. Capital inputs were found to account for up to 22% of the total inputs to a particular product. These findings suggest that current best-practice methods are sufficiently accurate for most typical applications, but this is heavily dependent upon data quality and availability. The use of input-output data assists in improving the system boundary completeness of life-cycle inventories. However, the use of input-output analysis alone does not always provide an accurate model for replacing process data. Further improvements in the quantity of process data currently available are needed to increase the reliability of life-cycle inventories.     

Locating ‘power’ in wind power planning processes: the (not so) influential role of local objectors

There have been conflicting accounts of the role and influence of local opposition within planning application outcomes for wind power developments. There is an expanding literature that considers public responses to proposed renewable energy developments and much of this suggests that public opposition is a key factor in the slow growth in renewable energy capacity. However, this paper will show that local opposition groups' power over such planning processes is very limited, and in fact extends only so far as delaying an outcome. Through a thematic content analysis of objection letters to one particular proposed wind power development, the key issues raised in connection with the development will be highlighted. Subsequently, these issues will be compared with those discussed in the official report of the planning appeals process, and it will be shown that the concerns of local objectors had little influence over the eventual verdict.